You can’t start a city without REAL PLANNING KNOWLEDGE – Safety through layout!

Chapter Timestamps BELOW: Crime Prevention and Safety through Spatial Urban Design. Want to learn about City Planning and Urban Design at a University Masters Level, but don’t have the time or money – this series follows the modules of an actual degree and this is the fifth module on Crime Prevention and Safety. You do not need to complete the modules in the right order, but would be a good idea to catch up on them at some point, if you missed out, to fully gain a complete understanding about Urban Planning and how you can use this knowledge.

The Keyword to understand in all this is: SPATIAL. Our Cities, Suburbs and Streets have levels of crime and safety and while it’s nothing to eradicate all crime, it is about designing cities that are safe and as close to 0% crime as possible. Approaching each block of land, each street and each district with a lens focused on “crime prevention through environmental design” CPTED can help you create great safe spaces for all users – except the criminals, we hope. Cities and Countries used as Case Studies in this video module include: Greece, Finland, Radburn New Jersey, Copenhagen Denmark, Melbourne Australia,

I wish to draw a distinction on criminality – that urban planning is interlinked in decreasing crime and increasing safety – the sociology of crime isn’t included in this video.

CHAPTER TIMESTAMPS
0:00 Module Contents
0:30 Can you just Walk anywhere?
1:49 BIDs
3:11 Tackling Theft
4:17 Fog Cannons
4:54 High Theft Countries
6:05 Don’t use Per Capita
7:43 Preventing Bike Theft
8:27 Denmark’s Answer
9:22 Homelessness
10:29 Zone Like this!
11:24 Finland Social Housing
12:09 Right of Way
12:25 Radburn New Jersey
14:06 Melbourne Australia
16:22 Feeling Safe in Public
18:39 Planner’s Don’t Do This!
20:33 Why you should Analyze Walking!
23:00 Pavement Matters
24:13 Pedestrian Safety
26:20 How to do your Spaces!
27:08 Large Spaces
29:23 Ramps and Seating
32:26 Human Vs Vehicle
34:20 Seasonal Activity
36:16 Setbacks
38:04 How to Transform Public Spaces
38:33 Frontage Grading
39:08 Tall Buildings
40:03 Building Depth
41:36 Best Way to Build Buildings
42:51 Does Spatial Design really fight crime
43:10 Module Five

Reference List
https://www.theglobaleconomy.com/rankings/theft/
https://www.hotcity.co.nz/about-us/our-work/safety-city-centre
David Sims, Soft City
https://crimesciencejournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40163-021-00155-8
https://www.statista.com/statistics/1178990/number-of-reported-and-charged-thefts-in-denmark/
https://www.hamessharley.com.au/knowledge/how-urban-design-can-help-reduce-homelessness
https://www.tilastokeskus.fi/tup/suoluk/suoluk_asuminen_en.html

Finnish system for affordable social housing supports social mixing and brings down homelessness

https://www.crimeprevention.vic.gov.au/in-your-community-0/featured-projects/public-safety-infrastructure-fund-featured-projects/case-2
Jan Gehl’s “Life Between Buildings” (2010) Chapter 4
Urban Design Compendium Pg. 87 & 93
Cities Skylines 1 and 2 by Colossal Order
Gehl Institute – CPTED Report 2015

YouTube Video Footage Excerpts

Welcome to another city planner Masters where I take you through a University Masters module about urban planning or while building in City skylines this week our focus is on how design influences movement and the urban environment’s impact on shaping human interaction and public social life and crime we’ll delve into how design can

Either help or hinder the evolution of a vibrant and safe public realm as the renowned Urban designer young girl explains first we shape the cities then they shape us in certain European countries such as Scotland Finland Iceland Norway Sweden Estonia lva Austria Czech Republic and Switzerland the freedom to roam is

Extended to all citizens unlike in North America where ownership laws dictate who has access to certain spaces and goods European property rights can be more fluid and less defined although legal boundaries exist they are often difficult to discern for example while a private path may be shared by a strata

Corporation some paths over private property are public rights of way in addition local governments sometimes leave public park spaces to be managed and maintained by the developer or strata Corporation understanding the complex web of property rights that Define public and private spaces is essential to effective Urban Design

Which can either emphasize the hierarchy of rights that go with these spaces or blend them together while subtly demarcating price areas City skylines 2 definitely likes to limit citizens right away you cannot even connect paths to the back of property lines at the moment of parks or schools whereas in City

Skylines 1 you could however let’s add some more RightWay options for our citizens with more paths and sitting options David Sim emphasizes the importance of enclosure in urban living particularly through the use of Courtyard blocks not only do these structures provide privacy and security but they also create a microclimate that

Can protect from or capture wind or sun and deliver lowrise density additionally Courtyard blocks offer a range of private semi-private and shared spaces that promote connection and Foster tolerant communities on the other hand shopping streets and centers exist on different points along this Continuum while main streets are public rights

Away at all times shopping centers are semi-private spaces during the day and private spaces after hours outdoor shopping and restaurant areas occupy an ambivalent position as they may appear to be public spaces but are often owned and managed by private companies it is important to note that the public nature

Of streets may be modified when they are part of business improved districts or bids bids are widely used in the USA Canada and Britain and serve as a means for business owners to organize events and control the quality of services such as additional garbage Collections and Rapid responses to Graffiti while there

Are a few examples in Australia such as the Adelaide business Collective they are more commonly used in New Zealand for example in Oakland safety and crime prevention is managed through a partnership between the city of Oakland and the bid the city also supplies bids with live pedestrian

Activity as you can see the warf area has above usage for this time of day but why is understanding your pedestrian traffic important because both higher than average and lower than average pedestrian areas require crime prevention strategies that are different from one another higher areas require surveillance around scammers and pick

Pocketers traffic incidents and lower traffic areas require monitoring especially at night for incidents of assault theft and vandalism let’s move over to City skylines and put into play some of orland’s strategies into my Euro themed City fromal Orland has implemented the usual police patrols and private security who Patrol the streets

From 7:00 a.m. to 11:00 p.m. as well as alcohol bans and CCTV cameras but also community and Rapport building initiatives such as coffee with a cop transport ballards to prevent major vehicular incidents and business fog Cannon subsidies what is a fog Cannon and how does it help prevent crime fog

Cannons can fill a shop with dense fog in seconds stopping criminals from seeing what’s going on and preventing further damage or theft these need to be rolled across states in America with high business looting and organized shoplifting groups Fe from stores by individuals or by organized gangs is not

Only a major problem for business owners but also urban planners in the design phase you cannot just build a city and rely on the police to sort out the criminals it is up to the urban planners and Architects to include spatial measures within Master plans and policies according to the global economy

Who cite the UN in 2016 Denmark was the global leader in Feth excluding robbery with 3,949 per 100,000 peoples followed by Sweden Uruguay Australia and Granada the bottom of the graph with low theft rates is Sagal Kenya and Nepal but when looking at robbery which may accompany assault only Uruguay maintains a

Position in both lists so that was Denmark in 2016 to 2017 and as you can see the trend was heading down until recently and this is partly attributed to the global squeeze on wages cost of living and a rental crisis and as you might have guessed a large proportion of

Fe within Denmark is stolen bicycles but all Is Not What It Seems Marcus Olivia states that crime rates per capita are commonly employed to compare and rank cities worldwide however this widely accepted practice is based on the assumption that crime increases proportionately with the number of people living in a region and because

Dem ‘s population has recently risen sharply larger crime numbers were inevitable for example in Denmark the Feth rate in the municipality of alborg is almost the same as in cud however less crime occurs in alborg than expected for cities of a similar size while crime in suru is above the model

Expectation this disagreement arises because of the different population sizes since alborg is more than 10 times larger than C with we expect rates in alborg to be larger than in surd when we account for this tendency and evaluate their Zed scores we find that the Zed score of alborg is –

2.47 whereas in Sur the score is 2.43 such inconsistencies have an impact on the crime rankings of cities the municipality of alost in Denmark as well for example is ranked among the top 12 cities with the highest fth rate in the country however when we account for the population to Crime relationship using

Zed scores we find that old host is only at the end of the top 54 rankings rankings and data is important for an urban planner especially at the policy level affirm understanding that per capita data is often variably skewed by population growth must be understood when looking at city’s crime data but

What can we do with that in City skylines when you look at your District’s data and see large amounts of red indicating crime take into account your population but open up another save City and compare it to a district with a similar siiz population your city might

Not actually have a crime epidemic so what is Denmark doing about all this Denmark has attacked the issue of fi through social and policy measures targeting schools with programs and alternative Pathways rather than criminal proceedings as it is evident that once a young person is within the

Criminal justice system it is hard for them to escape Toronto has followed also by not charging firsttime shop offenders with an offense but simply giving them a warning so I wonder if in City skylines if we refuse to build a prison whether the AI will introduce social policy

Measures instead I doubt it but let’s head into City skylines and introduce some safety measures for our cyclists including bike racks in public spaces and outside busy shops with lighting and surveillance cameras so despite over 20 ,000 reported cases of bike fft in Denmark in 2016 cyclists have become better at

Safeguarding their bikes many now secure their bikes to fix objects and the Danish Vin system allows people to check whether a bike has been reported stolen bike FS are often opportunistic or organized but the police prioritize more urgent crimes naturally the Danish bicycle VIN code system requires a

Unique code embedded in the bike frame for compensation and insurance claims and cyclist can check the National Police app to see if a bike has been reported stolen however new technology is being explored to replace this system as Denmark is one of the few countries that require you to register your

Bicycle like you would a car perhaps bike sharing alternatives are the answer as criminals are less likely to steal a branded bicycle as they are difficult to move or sell before we move on to who has the right way into the city it is important to invest tigate the urban planers role

On crime against homeless people because as you might see here in these pictures several cities have chosen a path of denying homeless people access to public space and some cities have implemented great Urban policies and spaces that include homeless people in the process ultimately the main goal of policy

Makers is to get people into homes but this ideology require some realism cities will always have a level of homelessness and people sleeping rough but are there any cities with an almost net zero rate in an article by Haley Edwards she says many cities deliberately Implement defensive architecture and that creates a hostile

Environment it is estimated that Manila in the Philippines has a homeless population of 3 million people while New York City has 68,000 people Edward states that France and Finland and Greece are at the Forefront of using urban planning tools to help alleviate homelessness but how are they doing

This according to an article by Fran and dling a leading cause of homelessness is the end of the private sector tenancy namely the lack of affordable and adequate Housing Solutions let’s head into thoron and find a better ratio of zoning social amongst private properties clumping social housing together only

Promotes crime and isolation rather Zone individual Lots than whole streets with the same brush we will go with the one social housing dwelling for every four private rental model which is based upon the updated finish model for affordable housing as you can see I’m ignoring the

Zoning demand bar in City skylines 2 as this is not indicative of Real World Market simulations rid is there to demonstrate a quasi economy that balances the gamees mechanics but I will start this neighborhood with a 1 to4 ratio of social to private dwellings Finland has a mandate to make

All new buildings and redevelopments 25% social housing according to statistics Finland there are 1.3 million apartments in Finland and 34% of those have been constructed using State subsidies Finland also has a stable level of housing construction of 7,000 to 9,000 new Apartments built every year and why

Is housing so important and integral in Finnish urban planning because the right to housing is enshrined in the Finnish Constitution Finland now aims to push the 25% model to 35 % over the next decade but this is a country with high taxes so let’s raise the taxes in my

City of Thon but lower the taxes for the most vulnerable Sims and see what happens Public Access and the right away permeable buildings serve as a conduit to connect public foot paaths Railway stations retail centers barber shops and private homes on the upper floors they make the area more walkable by providing

Shelter from rain or sun on unpleasant days who has the right to the City compared to the the 1930s and 1960s the relationship between urban form and Public Safety is now better comprehended in the 1930s radburn New Jersey a garden suburb Plan was introduced by Stein and Wright which emphasized the separation

Of pedestrians from cars and homes surrounded by shared Green Space however despite its affluent and green setting crime soon became a huge problem criminals found the unfenced rear lot lines attractive and the lack of casual pass passive surveillance by cars had the opposite effect of what was intended

This problem worsened when the plan was applied to poorer housing Estates where residents built walls to keep out criminals and walking trails were abandoned Stein and Wright had without realizing it uncovered the designed principles that a new generation of planners in the 1960s could use they developed crime prevention through

Environmental design or CP Ted which emphasized maximizing passive surveillance supplement M with active surveillance through CCTV and sensors instead of Shrubbery trees were added human scale lighting was installed and mixed activities replace the 8 to6 desolation landscape of commercial only CBDs CP Ted has had its critics but many

Of its principles are not just about excluding those who are supposed criminals they fit with broader Arguments for the good city if you’d like to learn about how cacs are crime prevention Busters and all things cack saxs click the link above here so unfortunately we won’t talk about them

In this video but moving into crime prevention now through more Urban Design Homes Glenn neighborhood activation plan in an effort to revitalize a neglected area along warle Road manach City Council in Australia LED an urban design project the site connects hom Glen’s train station the tap which is like a community college

And a local shopping strip Council consulted with Victoria Police local Traders and the broader Ashwood chadstone Community to identify public safety issues in the area the project identified several issues impacting Public Safety in the area including regular graffiti and vandalism poor lighting and several blind spots and obstructions to lines of sight these

Factors deterred the community from using the space which ultimately led to a decrease in natural surveillance to address these issues the council implemented the hommes Glen neighborhood activation project the project received receiv received a 250,000 Public Safety infrastructure fund Grant and a further 280,000 from the local Council crime prevention through environmental design

Measures were applied to improve the identified public safety concerns enhance the space’s amenity and encourage Community use the project included the installation of a bouldering wall a shared pedestrian and bike path a bike maintenance station a community inspired mural lighting vegetation and communal seating the Project’s upgrade of the shared pathway

And surrounding area transformed the underutilized space into a community meeting Hub the space now encourages interaction improves line of sight increases natural surveillance and provides safer connections for people moving through the area the Holmes Glen neighborhood activation project has achieved its objectives in revitalizing the area the Eastern side of the warle

Road homes Glen shopping strip and rail trail is experienced in increased pedestrian activity because of this this has reduced crime rates associated with the cycle walking route to the local shopping center the site is more frequently used by pedestrians and cyclists increasing access to transport and shops thus benefiting local trade it

Has also become a popular meeting spot for community members enhancing social cohesion in the area how does the design of the public realm contribute to the sociability and quality of a place let’s find out young girls life between buildings Book 2010 introduces three types of activities that require specific environmental

Needs to be met the first is necessary activities these activities such as going to work or school shopping or waiting for transportation occur regardless of the weather and typically involve some form of walking the quality of physical environment has a minimal impact on these activities they just

Have to be done the next is optional activities these activities such as going for a walk or a stroll eating lunch Outdoors or taking a child to the playground are influenced by weather and environmental factors including crime people tend to avoid congested or unsafe areas when engaging in optional

Activities and the third is social activities these activities like socializing with friends watching passes by or children playing together are typically a result of necessary or optional activities and occur across the public private space continuum the quality of the environment is crucial to support necessary and optional activities that encourage social

Activities the diagram here shows you that the connection between outdoor space quality and the frequency of different activities is very important in Yan’s book it’s crucial to recognize how different outdoor activities are impacted by the quality of the outdoor environment specifically how improved quality lends itself to the development

Of recreational and social functions conversely a reduction in quality has been shown to decrease the prevalence of these very activities it’s important to note that the character and content of outdoor life not the number of events is the focus of what we are talking about the activities that make public spaces

Especially attractive and safe and meaningful are also the most sensitive to the quality of the physical environment making deliberate decisions at the city and site planning levels is crucial to establish the foundation for the development of a well-functioning outdoor space however it is only through careful consideration at the planning

Level that the true potential of these areas can be realized neglecting this process can lead to wasted potential and unused spaces there is a variety of factors that an urban planner must consider even though these may sound dumb and rather benign but as we enter this section

Think about a local unused green patch in your area or the one on screen because it’s important to focus on how a human feels spatially in this public environment when designing or redesigning a space for this area these things include General and specific demands related to basic activities like

Walking standing sitting seeing hearing and talking these basic activities serve as a starting point for urban planets since they are integral to nearly all other activities if spaces are designed to make walking standing sitting seeing hearing and talking attractive the foundation for a broad spectrum of other activities like play sports and

Community events events will be established naturally look at these two pictures and think to yourself which one invites you to walk through stand around sit look at Listen and talk to others each picture provides you with a different set of Demands and a different level of invitation which one would you

Feel more comfortable in now here are two pictures from City skylines one remember to focus on those basic demands which one invites safety for you now here are two City skylines two pitches for you to assess your safety and comfortability now I’m going to put up

The four pictures of all of them again put yourself in an elderly person’s shoes or that of a child and think about their walking standing sitting seeing hearing and talking in other words have you ever been in a space and just had an off feeling despite the fact that

Nothing happened to you this feeling is the result of the designers not even applying the most basic demands of walking standing sitting seeing hearing and talking into the design phase because if you can’t feel safe and comfortable walking standing talking here in that space you are sure not

Going to do any other activity there let’s drill down on the first basic demand and I can guarantee you you will never look at a space again without analyzing the demand placed upon that space again walking is primarily a form of transportation but it also offers an informal and straightforward opportunity

To be present in the public environment people walk to run errands see their surroundings or simply for the pleasure of walking all forms of foot traffic rely on specific spefic demands on the physical environment that are determined psychologically and physically one of the most essential demands for walking

Is space it is necessary to have enough room to walk reasonably freely without being disturbed pushed or required to maneuver excessively the challenge is to define the human level of tolerance for interferences encountered while walking so that spaces are sufficiently narrow and rich in experiences yet still wide

Enough to allow room to move around tolerances and demands for space vary significantly from person to person within groups of people and from situation to situation for example observations of the traditional evening stroll in the Square at ionina a city in northern Greece illustrates how the number of participants change as the

Evening progresses parents with children and elderly people walk up and down the square at the beginning of the stroll but gradually the children and the elderly disappear as more people come out later on the middle-aged adult and others withdraw from the bustle and by mid evening only the young people of the

City continue to walk back and forth in the throng in situations where crowding can be managed the maximum acceptable density in two-way pedestrian traffic streets and sidewalks seems to be around 10 to 15 pedestrians per minute per meter or 3 and A3 ft of Street width if

This is exceeded The Pedestrian flow is divided into two opposing parallel streams this means that pedestrians need to keep r right to move through the street which restricts freedom of movement when The Pedestrian stream is limited streets can be narrow such as small streets in Old cities that are

Often no wider than 1 meter however accommodating wheel traffic such as baby carriages and wheelchairs requires more space for example stet the main street in Copenhagen was converted from a mixed street with motor traffic to a pedestrian only area with wider sidewalks resulting in a 400% increase in the number of baby

Carriages pedestrian traffic is highly influenced by pavement and surface conditions uneven ground surfaces Cobblestone sand and loose gravel can be unsuitable particularly for those with walking disabilities such conditions can have a negative impact on the experience of pedestrian travel people tend to avoid wet and slippery Pavements snow

Water and slush especially if they have walking problems walking is physically demanding and most people have limited capacity for walking Studies have found that the acceptable walking distance for most people in Daily situation is around 400 to 500 M or 1300 to 1600 ft however for children elderly individuals and

People with disabilities this distance is often considerably less the determination of an acceptable distance is not just limited to the physical distance but also the perceived distance which is influenced by the quality of the route a stretch of 500 M may seem very long and tiring if it is straight

Unprotected and dull path on the other hand the same distance can be perceived as short if the rout is winding and provides stimulation in route walking can be exhausting leading pedestrians to make difficult decisions about which roots to take generally speaking direct roots and shortcuts are preferred with only significant

Obstacles such as hazardous traffic or extensive barriers leading to deviations the desire to take the shortest route is so strong that it often overrides other concerns as evidenced by observations of pedestrian behavior in various settings for example in a survey of a Copenhagen Square pedestrians were found to cross

The street diagonally even though this required navigating a sunken area in the middle of the square using two short sets of stairs similarly at the Campo in Sienna pedestrians were observed following a sloping pavement for 400 ft despite the need to walk 10 ft down and

Then up again when it comes to busy streets pedestrians tend to choose the shortest route over the safest one except in cases where automobile traffic is particularly heavy the streets are wide or pedestrian crosswalks are well placed the combination of heavy automobile traffic barriers and difficult Street Crossings has resulted

In numerous detours and unreasonable restrictions on pedestrian traffic this issue is particularly evident in Conan’s NT a large Square located in the center of Copenhagen pedestrians are forced to stay on the periphery of the square and navigate around various large and small Islands within the area in the

1970s The Pedestrian landscape of the square consisted of 48 islands that pedestrians could walk between in stark contrast to Old photographs where pedestrians moved across the square naturally and leisurely in all directions a efficient pedestrian system should prioritize organizing movement along the shortest distance between natural destinations within an area once

The traffic layout is resolved it’s essential to focus on designing individual links in the network to create a highly attractive walking system let’s head into Thon and work on our street layout following girl’s method when designing pedestrian Roots between buildings it is essential to consider the number of potential users

The Street section should be proportionate to the expected foot traffic to create an intimate space that prevents people from aimlessly wandering in a large empty area and aimlessness can also invite criminal activity to create a deeper appreciation for larger spaces it is best to approach them through smaller Spaces by including

Sequences and contrast between small and large spaces the experience of moving through a large area is greatly enhanced then however it is important to know note that to maintain a human scale throughout planning small spaces must be genuinely small otherwise large spaces can quickly become too overwhelming when crossing a large open

Space it’s typically more comfortable to stay along the edge rather than traversing a broad surface or walking down the middle by walking along the edge one can experience both the large space and the small details of the surroundings such as the street facades or spatial boundaries

On one side you’ll see the open field or Square and on the other the edge of a forest or a building facade walking along the edge of a space gives two distinct experiences instead of one and in the dark or bad weather moving along a protected facade is often an added

Advantage this design principle is executed particularly well in many Southern European CI squares where pedestrian traffic is guided through low arcades along the periphery of the square these arcades provide a cozy and intimate space that protects pedestrians from wind and weather while still offering a fantastic view of the large

Open space from between the columns conversely paths placed in green belts in residential areas that often located in the middle of the space leaving only small strips of landscape on each side differences in levels pose a significant challenge for pedestrians much like detour is for cars any large movement

Upwards or downwards requires more effort additionally muscular activity and disrupts the walking Rhythm as a result people tend to avoid changing lanes and detours instead like when driving for example for the scene pedestrians often choose to walk a short detour or take greater risk over walking up or down in situations where

Differences in level are greater or more difficult research by Ola flar of the Technical University in Lun Sweden analyzed the p pedestrian traffic moving from a bus stop on one side of a heavily trafficed Street to a shopping center on the opposite side of the three possible

Choices 83% of the pedestrians chose to take a 50 m detour by a pedestrian crosswalk 10% walked directly across the street and only 7% chose The Pedestrian tunnel with two sets of steps which one would you take when it comes to directing pedestrian traffic r ramps are generally

The preferred option over stairs they offer greater accessibility for people with strollers or wheelchairs the primary goal is to avoid any changes of level wherever possible if however people need to be directed up or down ramps should be utilized Additionally the design of public spaces plays a crucial role in creating a welcoming

Environment for people to stay without details such as benches trees and interesting facades it can be difficult to find a place to stop cities that are conducive to staying have unique facades and a variety of supports in their outdoor spaces now let’s turn to seating public spaces that are well equipped

Should provide a variety of seating options to accommodate all user groups and encourage them to stay primary seatings such as benches and chairs should be provided for both the more demanding categories of users and situations where the need for seating is limited the optimal placement and comfort level of primary seating is PR

Ferred when there is sufficient space it is essential to provide an adequate amount of primary seating that is strategically placed in locations that offer users as many benefits as possible whereas there supplementary seating which is in the form of stairways pedestals steps low walls boxes and other structures and these should be

Provided when the demand for seating is particularly High steps are especially possible since they offer good Lookout points as well the spatial design of a public space should include a relatively limited number of primary seating options and a larger amount of secondary seating options providing optimal seating arrangements for modest to high

User traffic conversely many empty benches and chairs such as those found during offseason periods at cafes and sidewalks and Resort Hotels can give the impression that the space has been abandoned which is why it is crucial to consider the number and placement of seats thoughtfully recreational seat opportunities are important for public

Spaces but there is also a need for benches placed throughout the city for resting in Copenhagen many elderly residents have expressed the need for more places to sit a good city or residential environment should have suitable seating every 330 ft to ensure comfort and convenience for all the

Pleasantness of a place is affected by the centory of security it provides this includes protection from criminal activity and vehicular traffic Jane Jacobs in her treatment of planning problems in large US cities has noted that many areas with high levels of activity and liveliness have lower rates

Of crime this is due to the mutual protection provided by the presence of many people the natural Street watching that occurs in these areas can have a significant impact on safety for example in Venice where there is always someone watching the incidence of canal drownings is practically zero one of the

Most important safety requirements for outdoor activities is the prevention of vehicular traffic failure to meet this demand will inevitably limit the scope and nature of these activities it poses a challenge for both children and the elderly who would have to be accompanied by adults when crossing the street or

Even walking down the sidewalk a significant factor that plays a crucial role in any situation is not the actual statistical risk but the feeling of risk and uncertainty therefore planners must work on both actual traffic safety and the sense of security in relation to traffic in Australia for example

Research shows that 86% of children under 6 years old walking on ordinary vehicular streets held hands with an adult while 75% of them were allowed to run freely on pedestrian streets although traffic-free environments like pedestrian streets are the best solution for Safety and Security the Dutch wool Nerf principles which promotes slow

Vehicular traffic in predominantly pedestrian and bicycle areas represent a significant Improvement compared to typical Street situations a survey conducted in Copenhagen from January to July demonstrates the link between climate and activity patterns as winter transitioned to Summer the number of pedestrians doubled and the number of people standing tripled as more frequent

And longer stops became Common Place additionally the character of activities related to standing changed as stops to eat drink and sightsee increased street performances exhibitions and other events made a large contribution to the total activity pattern during the warmest months sitting activities were nonexistent during the coldest periods increased dramatically when temperatures

Around the individual benches reached above 10° in January approximately 30% of people’s activities were standing while 70% was moving however in July 55% of activities were standing and sitting activities pedestrian streets have transformed subtly into streets primarily used for standing and sitting a study on comfort and climate conditions carried out in

San Francisco by Peter Bosman reveals a similar Trend to that of Scandinavia people require direct sunshine and protection from the wind to be comfortable when they are Outdoors on cool days parks and plazas that are in Shadow or wind sweat are scarcely used while those that offer sunlight and wind

Protection are heavily used by addressing climactic factors during City and site planning many issues can be avoided in Scandinavia the wind and its accompanying cooling have always been a significant challenge necessitating climate conscious City and site planning traditional buildings in Denmark’s old towns are low attached buildings situated along narrow streets with small

Courtyards found behind the buildings these low settlements allow most of the wind to be conducted over them while capturing and retaining Sunshine as a result the local climate in these towns is considerably better than in the surrounding open Countryside and the number of hours one can comfortably spend Outdoors is much greater proper

Design has effectively moved these towns hundreds of kilometers South in terms of climate unfortunately new building projects such as spread out single family housing areas and multi-story Residential Building buildings tend to have poorer local climates the outdoor areas in front of many multi-story buildings are much worse off than the

Surrounding open land especially high-rise buildings that catch strong winds at 20 30 and 40 m above ground and direct them downwards to chill everything and everybody buildings should be positioned to define the shape and function of outdoor space in these two examples on screen now how do the

Building Footprints Define and relate to the open space this is all to do with building lines and setbacks building lines are crucial for creating a cohesive Frontage and defining the public realm they also ensure that new developments are seamlessly integrated into existing streets to maximize a buildings interaction with the public

Realm minimize setback distances however if buildings are allowed to step back it’s important to ensure that the resulting spaces are both functional and attractive this table on screen outlines General guid lines for building line setback distances with various locations keep in mind that garages or parking areas in front of the building can

Undermine the relationship between the building and the street in Suburban areas garages should be located to the side of principal buildings recessed behind the main building line public spaces such as streets parks and waterways without proper surveillance can feel unsafe especially at night unfortunately Park fences can exacerbate

This issue by creating an unwelcoming visual impact these spaces should be appreciated and enjoyed by all but neighboring buildings can often neglect them a building that faces onto public open spaces can foster a sense of ownership and care as well as establish a unique identity furthermore buildings that face Parks or waterways are

Typically more valuable which can offset the cost of creating single loaded streets by orientating buildings towards the public realm and running accessways or foot paaths along the boundaries it creates a welcoming front door and promotes the use of the public space transform your public spaces with Lively and engaging frontages here’s how

First incorporate frequent doors and windows whilst minimizing blank walls Second Use narrow Frontage buildings to create a vertical Rhythm on the street third articulate facades by adding projections like bays and porches to create a welcoming atmosphere and finally consider Lively internal uses that can be seen from the outside or spill onto the

Street this table on screen provides a grading scale to evaluate designs based on the amount of active Frontage with grade a frontage being the ultimate goal while mainly found in core retail areas even housing frontages can be brought to life with attention to detail grade A includes more than 15 premises for every

100 m more than 25 doors and windows every 100 m MERS a large range of functions no blind facades and few passive ones much depth and relief in the building surface and high quality materials and refined whole buildings play a crucial role in identifying locations of Civic commercial or visual importance in urban

Areas they serve as focal points for various activities such as Town centers and transport Junctions however the benefits of tall buildings must be weighed against the potential negative impacts on the micro climate environmental performance of nearby buildings and active Frontage medium-rise buildings are often the best choice in urban situations as they can

Accommodate a range of uses have the potential for medium to high densities and generally have lower energy demands and construction costs in Suburban areas where two or three stories are common it is recommended to place taller buildings in key locations such as on Corners at the end of Vistas or around parks

Decisions regarding Building height must also consider Street Building height ratios to ensure good enclosure building depth has a critical impact on the need for artificial lighting and ventilation this affects the variety of uses that can be accommodated the table on screen provides a guide for assessing the impact of building depth on natural

Ventilation and lighting and hence robustness Corner sites are highly visible featuring two frontages that can provide additional entrances to the building this unique layout creates an ideal opportunity to blend different uses and services however houses on Corners present a challenge since they must face in two directions simultaneously Standard Building designs

Employed by many developers are ill suited to meet this requirement rather design Customs or novel building types must be considered to uate the corner prominent windows or entrances can be added to the Apex and the height can be emphas EMP ize by utilizing a mansion block of apartments or integrating a

Specialized function to the mix here are five different pictures of how you can do corner setbacks the first one here is Corners are heightened to emphasize the node as you can see the next is setbacks and increased building Heights create a sense of formality the third one here is rotating

The building line to create a square on the diagonal as you would in Barcelona the fourth one here is the corners are project Ed forward to make like four statues the fifth one is the asymmetrical building line emphasizes a particular direction the width of a building has a significant impact on its overall

Flexibility as well as its capacity for personalization it also affects the amount of active Frontage and vertical rhythms that are visible in the elevation if designed properly buildings comprised of 5 to 7 m wide or dayit cells or modules can provide an exceptionally versatile form each cell

Can be easily combined as needed and is similar in size to a small shop or Terrace House however it is more challenging to add rear extensions without obstructing light and ventilation in widths below 5.5 m something to consider streets squares and parks are outdoor spaces that can be

Compared to Rooms say in a house each with its own unique characteristics that define the nature of the space they can either lead to run through or surround other areas what types of outdoor rooms are these two spaces and what type of connections do they offer when considering streets how do they differ

Depending on whether they go to through or around spaces these descriptive terms reflect various assumptions about speed users layout and the physical characteristics that signify their purpose so it pays to focus on the spatial design of your city not just for crime prevention but also safety and

Finally let’s check in on thoron and look at the crime index here is it before we made any changes to the city and here is it after next up in module 5 we will explore the topic of why is it difficult to implement standardized design and City Planning practices and how all City

Planning and Urban Design is subjective so give me a follow if you want to find out when module 5 is coming out thanks for watching