okay so here we go left off with viral hemorrhagic fevers and as usual it takes a few seconds there yeah so the first one is called yellow fever yellow fever is obviously starts off with a high fever headache leads to nausea and vomiting it gets its name yellow because it causes jaundice jaundice is yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eye due to liver failure it has about its 20% mortality rate there is a yellow fever vaccine available it’s found in parts of Central and South America as well as throughout Africa depending on where in the world you are if you happen you know well first of all if you happen to be able to get the vaccine or not and if you’re not able to get the vaccine and you get the disease again depending on the part of the world whether there are hospitals and doctors there are treatments available but it is certainly a very severe dangerous disease hemorrhagic fever the hemorrhagic part refers to the bleeding out from the organs so some of these viruses can actually cause actual organs to start to breakdown and liquefy and you basically kind of bleed out of your eyes your ears your mouth your nose it’s pretty horrible so a lot of these are spread by the mosquito so the yellow fever is most definitely spread by the mosquito it’s also spread by human to human contact and then monkeys you know the local monkeys are the reservoirs so what can happen is the mosquito can bite a monkey that’s infected with the virus and then the mosquito goes and bites a human and then that’s how human can get it or a you know humans can give it to each other through close contact dengue fever is similar to yellow fever but it’s not as severe it’s not as fatal there is no vaccine available and of course it is spread by the mosquito the Marburg virus is so named because this this horrendous event occurred in a place in Germany called Marburg so what happened was there were monkeys being imported pretty much illegally from Africa to Germany to be sold as pets and what happened was these monkeys were carrying this very dangerous deadly virus that they you know if they were to bite or scratch or share food with a human they would pass it on to the human they would get very high fever it would be followed by you know hemorrhaging vomiting blood and then death occurs within a few days this is actually the Marburg virus is extremely similar to the Ebola virus the symptoms of the disease the the way the virus does what it does very very similar to Ebola so the relatively newer hemorrhagic fevers the hemorrhagic fevers that have only been around for you know 50 years give or take our loss of fever Ebola and hanta they’re all very very bad diseases they have very high mortality rates common reservoirs are rats and bats the virus is shed in the urine and feces of the animals but the other thing that often happens with these three viruses is that the local people will actually eat the rodents or the bats or the monkeys that are infected by the same animals because the rats and bats can either give it to people or give it to monkeys and apes and then if the people were to come into contact with any of those animals they could also get the disease so because of the Ebola being in the news a few years back I added to this PowerPoint I added to this PowerPoint a few years ago about Ebola so it first appeared in Africa in 1976 it’s named after the local river so the river was actually called the Ebola River again the Ebola virus and the Marburg virus are very similar to each other they both interfere with blood clotting which is why there’s such a severe hemorrhagic fever again for the Ebola virus the reservoir is most likely a fruit bat that the local humans would eat and then human to human transmission was also very common so it’s spread by contact with bodily fluids reusing needles and through sexual contact so again the people could get it either from eating the bat or by coming to contact with other people another thing that really spread the virus quite quickly is a lot of the the local people around the area a part of their burial rituals was to wash the bodies and what would happen is the people that were engaged in washing the dead bodies before they buried them that would actually spread the virus very quickly because as the blood was being washed off the dead body it could be getting into wounds and cuts of other people and that spread the disease very quickly so that’s how they had again if you do your research you can look in your book you can look online there were several big outbreaks of Ebola throughout the 80s and 90s in Africa because of a lot of these issues whether it was the sharing of needles whether it was the washing the bodies so then the largest outbreak except for what’s happening right now because there is actually the the worst outbreak ever is happening right now in the Democratic Republic of Congo in Africa now but back in 2014 is when the disease made it to the United States for the first time that was due to air travel so our airplanes have now gotten so fast that you could actually have someone who has Ebola but doesn’t have any symptoms yet they can get on a plane and go to another part of the world and then then they start to show symptoms so it only takes a few days to start to show symptoms and it kills you relatively quickly so that’s that’s what really kept the disease contained to that particular part of Africa is because people would be dead within a week or two and they wouldn’t really have time to go anywhere they would get really sick within a few days and then within a couple weeks they’d be dead so that really kept the disease from spreading but now that we have people traveling to different parts of Africa and then you know leaving there and going to the US or going to Europe it was made possible for the first time for the disease to really spread but you know keep in mind there is currently an outbreak right now in Africa that’s the worst that’s ever been seen and it has about a 90% mortality rate so it is a very dangerous fatal disease okay so enough about the horrible viruses let’s talk about some parasites or protozoa so the first one is going to be somewhat similar because we we talked about African sleeping sickness we know that the technical term for it is trypanosomiasis well there is an American version of trypanosomiasis and it’s called chagas disease– it’s called it’s caused by a very closely related parasite called Anna soma cruzi the vector is the kissing bug it’s called the kissing bug because it likes to bite people on the lips while they’re asleep so this is a disease in Texas Mexico Central and South America it’s it’s you know similar to African sleeping sickness it’s not quite as dangerous it’s not as beer Yulin and deadly but it can certainly make you very very sick it can it’s especially dangerous for younger children because again of their immune systems not being able to fight it off but yeah so this is just an American version of Trudeau so myiasis instead of the tsetse fly it’s the kissing bug and instead of being quote African sleeping sickness it’s called chagas disease– toxoplasmosis is another disease caused by a protozoan Toxoplasma gondii is the organism you may have heard this before because it is a very very dangerous disease for pregnant women it’s very dangerous for the developing fetus it can cause birth defects or stillbirths it’s also an extremely dangerous disease for people with AIDS I have the life cycle here for you this is on page 663 so this is why if someone becomes pregnant and they have pet cats is crucial that they find someone else to clean out the litter box and deal with anything that’s potentially been you know touched by the cat now it’s it really is only cats that hunt so cats that kill mice or birds are really the main things you have to worry about but it’s really not worth taking any kind of chance so if you become pregnant and you have a pet cat if you can get someone to just take care of the cat for a while for you that be great if you can’t do that you at least have to find somebody who can scoop out the litter box for you because you do not want to come into contact in any way shape or form you don’t want to come into contact with cat feces if you’re pregnant because toxoplasmosis is very very dangerous for the fetus and it can be potentially deadly so speaking of deadly the next disease we’re going to talk about is malaria so malaria is caused by a protozoan coil called Plasmodium there’s actually four different types of malaria that are carried by four different types of Plasmodium the vector is the Anopheles mosquito and this disease is one of the major reasons why mosquitoes will pretty much always be the number one killer of humans malaria it said that malaria kills an African child every 30 seconds about between one and two million people a year die from malaria it’s a you know very serious deadly disease you know it’s it is really throughout the world but it is mostly found in Africa and Asia but it can be found you know just about anywhere where there are these types of mosquitoes the symptoms can be anywhere from flu-like symptoms to nausea and vomiting eventually the the malaria parasite will develop inside the human and as it develops it will destroy red blood cells and liver cells so the person will eventually experience anemia and then liver failure and then that also that will lead to death the only thing that really is being done about malaria is trying to control mosquitoes which is basically an impossible thing to do there are prophylactic drugs and drugs available to treat the disease but you’re talking about a whole lot of people and mostly people who are poor who don’t have access to good doctor or medicine and it that’s why it kills so many people it’s just there’s not enough being done to get the medicine and to get the drugs out there too a lot of the parts in Africa and Asia that are affected by malaria and it’s just a really horrific terrible disease another one is Lessman Isis this is pretty much found in the tropics and throughout the Mediterranean throughout Saudi Arabia those places that part of the world the organism is called Leishmania the vector is the sand fly and this is another disease that’s especially dangerous for people with HIV and AIDS again another protozoa disease that’s transmitted by a vector and then our last disease here for this chapter is schistosomiasis which is caused by a fluke a fluke is a very small type of freshwater flatworm and what can happen is the little baby fluke can actually burrow through the skin it develops inside the person and it can cause some very severe blood clots which can lead to okay I couldn’t lead to gastrointestinal issues it can lead to heart issues and the intermediate host is actually a freshwater snail so if you’re swimming in contaminated water with a lot of snails that’s when you have to worry about it and I am out of time so that is it for chapter 23
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