In addressing the twin urgency of climate transition and development, a stark financial reality emerges: immense funding is required for both of these urgencies, yet fiscal resources remain constrained. Countries face a dilemma, balancing environmental sustainability against poverty alleviation, without the luxury of choice. Development banks have expanded their portfolios in response, yet the scale of investment does not fill the vast funding gap. More capital is essential, as is targeted, efficient allocation. The focus must be on a strategic approach where every dollar is directed towards interventions yielding the most transformative impact, thereby advancing a sustainable and just global framework.
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spring meeting 2024 I want to introduce myself I am Mariana Campos director general of Mexico evalua a Mexico City based Think Tank devoted to the analysis and Improvement of public policies um and I have to say that we follow the most comprehensive set of indicators uh for the energy transition in Mexico and uh so we we are very um interested in this topic of climate change climate change action and I’m very happy to have this fantastic panel with me I want to introduce my colleagues and um I will start with Mo Ibrahim welcome Mo Ibrahim he is um the founder and chair of the mo Ibrahim Foundation that was established in 2005 to support good governance and exceptional leadership ship on the African continent he’s also co-founder and co-chair of the African Europe Foundation which was launching to in 2020 to reset and woler African and Europe relations so welcome uh Mo Ibrahim we also have here with us um our friend ning elim and um she is a very outstanding environmental and climate activist she has 12 years experience in this topic and she has been working on issues related to policy peace security migration negotiation adaptation and different areas related to climate change she was former uh president un Secretary General youth Advisory Group on climate change and she has directed plenty of NOS in this topic so welcome nice ring and I also have here um Lionel czo and he has an outstanding career as Economist um devoted to Investment Banking he has worked also in the public sector he served as prime minister of Benin in 2015 and now he has founded recently an advisory firm also on uh Investment Banking but for Africa the South Bridge Company so welcome um Lionel and I want to also welcome Remy R and you know he’s a very well-known expert in economics and international financial institution uh Remy was named in 2016 uh Co of the um development agency of France welcome here and um well he has done an amazing job in Pres precisely the financing of climate change so welcome the four of you I’m really happy to have you here and I hope I can take out all the best of you and the the most um uh useful information for uh the persons that are here with me because you guys have great knowledge and experience on the topic so let’s start the conversation um you know that well um we we don’t sit in the best place uh in the in the climate change um indicators we know we closed a very tough year 2023 with some um some new levels on our um it was a very warm year one of the I think it was the warmest uh year and also we um surpass of our previous records in carbon dioxide and in meane and itus oxide so we are still remain that we have to work a lot more on this front and we know that the world is battling on a on a perfect storm of climate conflict economic and nature crisis we we know that this is exacerbating inequality and pushing more people into poverty it’s like we are in a vicious cycle where for developing countries has become more difficult to engage in climate action um it’s it’s becoming more difficult it’s um the climate crisis um increase poverty and they also have to fight poverty so it becomes harder to go into the climate action agenda so it’s a vious cycles that we need to to break and we know that financing um those actions are key especially for the developing countries so we know that the the exit the successful plan must um coordinate and integrate the climate actions and the development it it can’t go apart so um in this panel we are trying to you know try to address this twin urgency of climate transition and the development and we want to uh Stark the financial reality as it emerges with um we need immense funding and this is required for both urgencies you we know that also fiscal resources remain constrained we know that Public Finance is not going to be enough we we need the cooperation of the private sector in order to solve this dilemma and then I I don’t want to take more time I’m going to jump into the questions for our actors and I’m going to start with uh my friend MO Ibrahim please um I think that we want to start more into the geopolitical challenges that we’re facing uh in order to address finance and development so uh we know that soon uh this year in September the United Nations will hold the summit of the future it is described as a moment to meant the eroded trust and demonstrate that International cooperation can effectively tackle current challenges as well as those that have emerged in recent years or maybe uh vet over the orison this aim of the Summit is twofold to accelerate efforts to meet our existing International commitments and to take concrete steps to respond to emerging challenges and opportunities how do we make sure that this Summit will have a real impact and actually improve Global governance how can we build back trust in the multilateral system when it is being so challenged can you comment on that yeah well thank you very much uh really are we are going through a very difficult phase and uh I am not very optimistic uh about where where where we are going we see a total fracture in the world order lack of cooperation at the moment we where we really need cooperation in order to deal with a lot of ser ious issues threatening us and uh I say us not the planet because the planet is fine it will always be there it is us you know we have a problem and uh we what we see is a total collapse in the world order uh the people who create the the the post well were to structure are all in denial and uh I really don’t know where we go we need to cooperate and uh we spending much more money now on arms because of the deteriorating Financial will situation than any time in the history our when you are threatened with extension with spending more more money on arms and killing each other I mean what what kind of human race what kind of species are we uh I think we we we are really uh in a bad very bad spot and I’m am sorry to say I’m very very concerned uh about where we’re going we’re hurling uh towards a very uh difficult situation I’m sorry to to uh to appear to give negative message but guys woke up this this is not sustainable and uh whatever we we keep having Summits and meeting whatever but it is not working it’s not working we need to have to change completely uh the way we are dealing with each other and this cannot continue uh uh what you do and just one word about uh uh climate since climate is one of the main issues here uh I think the main the main problem is the guys who cause the problem are in denial it is not developing it is not Africa who caus this problem it is other guys and those guys are in denial you can measure development of any country by the amount of carbon they put up there absolute perfect correlation this is the guy responsible now if you if you break it yeah you you you SED it out it’s your problem is not Africa problem we did not put this up there and we are the most affected people of what happening our loss of GDP due to climate change is 48 or 50 billion dollar a year that’s a damage loss happening to US every year because of what those guys did and then they turn lecture us about we need to uh no no no you cannot have uh uh fossil here you cannot have gas because actually we putting up most African countries put up like 21925 ton per person per year of carbon okay less than one ton Americans put 15 Tons per person Europe Japan a China they put seven tons per person stop this stupid action you you you need to deal with that don’t come to me and compromise my development because of your mishap but you’re in denial the only solution for the climate problem forgot about all these crab funds fund for this mitigation f with be nuts is nothing the only way if you are serious to deal with climate is a global carbon tax is that not the market you guys have been teaching us about the market that is the way market Works global market you want to use 15 Tons go ahead but pay then the funds are available there to preserve the Amazon to preserve the Congo Basin Etc why should African keep their forests we think more carbon we think more carbon than what out there we are already in at zero guys we are Net Zero and you guys talking to us excuse me and why we should keep our forest for the benefit of all pleas pay for it this is the kind of conversation we need to have and if we are really honest and we have a but unfortunately as I said we are in a difficult place with people in denial with the global order is is breaking around us rule of law there’s no rule of law anymore around us Ukraine go you know Russia going to Ukraine Israel go to Gaza what is this what this n is going on anyway sorry I stop here well I think um you have a point and you have a great point and maybe the next uh conversation is going to be very interesting with nine elim where um I would like to then uh ask you what do you think and yeah what do you think that first transitions mean and what they mean to you if if we’re speaking of this inequality in this crisis I have a trouble now because uh Mr Mo said all what I wanted to say he started with a conclusion yes um so basically what I wanted to say is that I like the slogan of the of the conference which is fair transition but I had a question um what are we as African transiting from in the first place um and I think by answering this question uh we can really find an an an actual solution to the Dilemma that we are in right now so basically for us transition is transiting from not having access to electricity in the first place we have a coverage of uh less than 40% for the whole continent um into an actual access to electricity it’s up to us and our partners also to decide other if this um aess going to be green and clean or we will have some sort of a Vietnamese uh development path with a lot of uh industry for example and then um I like the opening statements about the the agriculture in Africa but we don’t want to Transit from being uh less uh producing for food to more producing for food that goes outside of the continent without being able to feed our own people um we also don’t want to be put in in this um side of yeah you feed the world and we do the industry and then we have to import all of the other means of actual production because they we we export all of the raw materials and then we get everything manufactured from outside and this we lose 70% of the actual capital and actual value of the thing because we send it through and we get it back manufactured um we don’t want a scenario where a partnership as they call it the the the the title of today session is um South North partnership uh where this partnership actually create more patterns of dependency instead of actual partnership where we look at each other as equals uh as people who have something to provide and other people who have something to to provide and then we go together in a win-win situation um not U Less win more win situation uh I think the discussion can be very long about what is fair transition for me but the biggest question is uh what is fair in this world that we are talking about so I have a small um pictures here I hope they are clear for people where um a tree is providing um one apple to someone and not providing anything to the other person and this is called inequality and then on the other hand we have uh someone who gave two ladders to the post people to be able to reach the tree but the person who have access to Apples already will have more access to Apples while the person who didn’t have access to Apple even with the ladder will not still have access to Apples and then we have the equity wow where the person who have less access get a taller ladder to be able to actually access more tree than the person who already accessing apples in the tree but is it enough is it enough that’s the question and for me the first transition is the Justice where we don’t um solve the problems by giving ladders to it but solving the root causes of the problem so instead of of allowing the tree to band on one side which is the case of the world today the tree is always Banning to West somehow uh we allow the tree to stand still and provide the same for the both sides and this is the Justice in the fair transition that I am talking about it is not easy for me as a sudanes specifically these days to talk about um Fair transition when we don’t really have a governance structure when we don’t even have a country in place um and I’m sorry to talk about Sudan and not because I’m Sudanese but because Sudan is a perfect example of the of a lot of catastrophes at the same time um so we don’t want the a a a development process where there is another Diamond Rush or blood diamond or blood Cobalt or blood gold or blood resources how can we make what we actually produce is fair for the people on the ground and fair for the country that’s providing is a very big question that we need an answer for uh so transition is POS possible transiting from what to what is a big question but if we really want a fair transition then should be an agile uh holistic just and very much considering to the people and the planet of the of the places and this is what we call a fair transition thank [Applause] you thank you nice Dre I think um your images are very very clear and I I I think everybody of us is going to remember the Justice picture and how is important to take into consideration uh the the the gains and losses of these um of this crisis and not only of the crisis of the past also so we have to take into account uh gains and losses of the past of the crisis and of the future and we have to make sure that uh people that are losing something are going to gain with these um with these governance and with these plans so um I I’m going to go fast to um to Lionel Lionel uh please um Talk us about I mean we know that Public Finance is insufficient to address the climate action and also to um to finance um the developing countries action plans we know that private sector is key to these transitions um but at the same time it cannot shoulder the entire burden on its own so how can um the private sector contribute to these efforts and how do we ensure that sufficient allocation of concessional resources to developing countries won’t be substitute uh you know for subsidies that are not really tackling the problem that will be just more into uh benefit benefiting someone but not really the the entire public interest so so how can we uh Foster Effectiveness and we make sure it’s warranted I know I’m asking a lot am I allowed to speak Canadian or uh French and English I will start with uh French to answer your question I concur with uh uh the uh anger with the words that were uttered in the introduction on how Africa is regarded is considered on these uh double transition or Fair transition issues and I uh totally share the emotion of our young sister the word fair is important just Justice is very important in a world where inequalities uh linked to these changes are rising and made worse you asked a question which is a bit more financial and which allows me to be a bit less uh pessimistic that than what we heard in the two first uh interventions uh we heard about governance in countries and relations between countries we heard about tensions geopolitics but it’s not just about States I worked as a uh a minister in my country in Academia in the private sector and I’m always interested in the players acting in this transition and which and people who give us hope in such a transition and we need to be able to measure uh such a transition there are African Solutions in terms of energy transition but there are such Solutions in agriculture as well this topic is uh uh illustrates the current situation in some countries uh people working in agriculture uh represent 50% of the active population in France this percentage is only 2% in Benin it’s 28% of GDP but I see progress I do not only see tensions I look upon the first rank in this assembly and I I can see uh ministers among which the minister of Ethiopia who works in support of a great agricultural foundation and who led Ethiopia in very difficult climate conditions and these efforts led to two digit growth and a formidable modernization of agriculture and I also I’m also thinking of ocp and I’m thinking of the uh fertility map in Benin Benning which uh Harbors uh great uh agricultural input uh companies and much effort is done in that uh Regard in financing for example uh we are in a fantastic place for knowledge when we are here in at the umcp we see a lot of private companies working in nutrition uh on the development of an efficient agriculture but also on a sustainable agriculture when I see this uh I’m thinking there are players which who prove to us that we are in the right direction and this is uh an idea that we can have of relations between uh States and and governments but this is taking place in Academia in the private sector and the work of Mo Ibrahim in the positive development through his foundation the uh organization and the large philanthropic foundations are great players in financing so the financial sector per se is not the only player the Rockefeller organization and other philanthropic Association spend billions of dollars each year and they are great players in financing so let’s not just talk about public financing and we can’t only speak about cons concessional financing of which there is not enough uh of course there are other forms of financing and as far as I’m concerned I think we need to focus on the mobilizing of the private sector so moving away from only talking about devel velopment Banks or only about large industrial companies investors people who have uh large savings do not have sufficient knowledge of Africa and they have a hysterical perception of risks of risk in the financial spheres among investors communities so we are trying to drisk the situation we’re trying to uh do away with what inhibits Investments but we need multilateral institutions forums such as this one or that we did in Paris in June all of this must help us uh secure the savings uh in the world which which are more than enough to finance the global transition because those are profitable choices that we can make in Africa in my country when we want to um work with sustainable aviation fuel we can work with a mano for example so we can go up the value chain in agriculture with the fertilizers with the seed uh selection so with that we can raise productivity and when we have security and job safety we can accomplish fantastic progress so we working with biofuels we do not put food security at risk because the productivity gains are such that we can meet the food needs by producing uh calories that are inexpensive but at the same time we can produce biofuels uh that are ecological so we are not bogged down in contradictions but it’s very Capital intensive and to this day we still haven’t found the means to build trust uh in order to secure sufficient savings and I’m currently working on projects that fund the energy transition they are easy to finance in Europe in Oceania and in other places it’s much easier to work on reforestation in Africa and O in Oceania than in Africa it’s much less time consuming because it’s easier to build trust and uh there we do not face any liquidity issues but the most important uh thing here is to provide profitability opportunity and to build trust in the investment community in order to secure uh legitimate use of savings around the world well I I I felt like some hope um so so thank you Lon I think um it’s very important to underline that uh these um this transition can be profitable and that we need to tell the right stories we need to address correctly the risk we don’t want to say there’s less risk risk than the risk that they have to face but we don’t want to say that there’s more risk so it’s very important is to build trust in order to uh really take advantage of the great amount of savings that we could be using for these ends so thank you for giv us some hope and uh with the private sector and I think I I have to move quickly with Remy Remy um I really want you to share um with um the people the um the all the work and all the activities that uh you have uh witnessed um in the last year and um because you know that in last June um France convened the sum for the new global financing pact where 300 global leaders identified a series of reforms and initiatives to be implemented in 2023 and 2024 almost a year on where does the International Community stand on implementing the Paris uh pact for people and the planet the four piece if you can tell us about the uh reforms and the tools that have been developed I think it would be um awesome if you have some examples thank you thank you Mariana and if you allow me I will also speak in French just as L I’d like first of all to uh greet you all this morning I would agree with Mo and nen this morning and at least take their point of view to share with you this uh um feeling of emergency and frustration at the same time but first and foremost i’ like to thank the kingdom of Morocco and the ocp Mustafa tab um6p for hosting uh The Forum of Paris for peace congratulations to Fabi Angel and the whole team I think it’s really very important for the very first time to have this meeting held in Africa in Morocco in particular uh In This Very uh specific circumstances Paris has been launching on a very regular basis since at least 2015 dear Isabella remember the cup 21 and the Paris agreement on climate so Paris has been proposing format proposals initiatives for a collective action multilateralism on behalf of the United Nations we’ve did it with the one planet Summit we also did it with the Paris peace Forum in November 2018 and uh more recently back in June at the level of heads of state to address this topic that is dealt with normally by Bankers by governors of central banks and Ministers of Finance I.E the transformation of the financial system so being able to discuss this topic here today in bangri it is indeed Paramount because uh calls have been made repeatedly but at some point we need to uh find a concrete Collective respon es and in particular in a Southern Country a committee that is so committed to Africa a country that has launched the Atlantic initiative and a country that has a uh strong position in the international governance I’m talking about Morocco now again I think of what nin was saying about uh aspiring for more equity and justice but we have to kind of ways to make this uh uh materialize we have made those choices already back in 2015 but this is lagging behind we’re waiting too much we need to see this choices and ideas materialize concretely and efficiently but to do so we have to make sure that we all commit to this debate and try to find out the new shape this will uh take the north does need the South out would put it this way simply and the South also needs uh the north uh well said it previously but uh the uh presidents of the T20 uh because this is the place that we have chosen to discuss these matters and I think of the role of Brazil this year after Indonesia I think also of South Africa next week they’re all uh being very instrumental in uh creating this new shape of uh relationships I think we have to overcome this uh opposition between climate and development and this is the title the topic of our conference and this is the choice that we have made with the sdgs back in 2015 of course the impulse of the emergency is the impact of climate change that’s why we need to act uh quickly but we should also uh involve our citizens uh and the social and political component immediately in each one of our actions and Lono also is right we need that framework that goes beyond this uh traditional opposition between priv private and private uh funding and let’s not also forget this uh uh Security net that we need to provide to the most vulnerable we need to protect act and fund the most vulnerable but at the same time we have to leverage on private funds to reduce the greenhouse effect emissions and protect our environment so this new framework differs from the one we had in the past the development financing uh the 60s and the uh climate finance that was decided back in 2010 and 2020 we need to reconcile these two uh options in within a new framework and this is what Mo has been doing we need also to talk about new political uh policies that can materialize this uh common objectives and making sure that we have more equate uh Fair uh ways of lives uh things are not what were expected uh there’s a cont ition now because the world is more homogeneous more common but the regimes and the shapes political shapes we uh witness seem to oppose so how can we again discuss and try to find common grounds in our action policies and uh um guidelines this is I think the job and this is the message of this new Summit of the uh new Financial uh fact apart from the technicalities it has but again I remind you of what was said in the conclusions of that Summit for very easy and simple things let’s stop opposing climate and development each country has its own pathway that must be uh respected there is a shock of concessional funding more International solidarity and at the same time we need to raise private fund for our common uh goals very for uh basic messages and somehow we’re not doing it right so at some point we need to move forward on this now Lono said something about the uh development public Banks and this is a strong message we are all hearing I’d like to pay tribute to the guests Depo CDG the fund Muhammad v 6 the communal equipment fund all those financial public institutions of the kingdom of Morocco that we’re quite familiar with but uh more uh largely all those public banks in Africa 530 uh worldwide it amounts to 15% of world investment 2,600 billion dollars of public investment each year that can uh support these political common objectives and make sure that we can create sh shape up this new framework and this is urgent it’s the common uh uh finance and this is not in opposition to the private sector the idea is to work with all uh stakeholders of the private sector foundations um corporations central banks um I just wanted to uh bounce back on what our three speakers said previously I do share this uh feeling of emergency uh that we have and also tell you that there’s the Forum of Paris and other Arenas where we are looking all together for Solutions but really we do need a new framework we cannot just talk about development public aid to development and get out from the typical climate negotiations there are sustainable development goals but we need this new public framework for all of us thank you yes definitely I think we need a new um approach and um also developing countries are very different among them and we have different levels of development in those countries and um you know I come from a country where I see clearly that there is no uh political will to go into climate it hasn’t been in the past six years maybe now that we change our president I think I’m positive that we’re going to be more compromised but we haven’t been in the six years and we cannot blame it to the development part we have to blame it into the political will that’s the case of Mexico um going through I would we have very very few time and I just want you to conclude for 30 seconds each of you that’s a huge Challenge and um I would like to um start with um um Ibrahim Mo Ibrahim yeah thank you I’m sorry I just need a little bit more than 30 seconds because I think there okay 45 seconds because there are few few points I think needed to be made here uh first the private sector for 30 years I’ve been hearing about the Fantastic private sector will come and solve the problems in Africa or whatever first we accept that the money is in the private sector they you know the IMF and the World Bank they don’t have much money those guys very little actually uh Overseas develing Fund is many secure trillions of dollars in the private sector but it is not happening and it will not happen for simple reason the cost of capital in Africa is just too high that is it that’s why it’s not happening it has to be dealt with why you look at rating agencies and 52 countries in Africa are labeled as sub investment grade that takes half of the investors out who by law cannot invest in sub investment grade assets and other guys of course want an African premium they want 25% IR the investment and that cannot happen so that is the issue and this ratings half of it the factors there are subjective and that we need to have a discussion here so that is the it’s a real problem so let us talk stop talking about it will not come because it it doesn’t work cost of capital is too high that’s one thing I think uh uh uh uh we we we really need to mention now private sector is not a charity private sector goes for braate so we don’t ask private please come and help it will not it can only invest and that’s lovely if they invest create jobs and but that’s that’s how it should done but private sector should pay its taxes this is the problem of Africa we have a serious problem with Africa called illicit Financial flows Africa lose every year 100 billion dollar every year more than Oda more than what B all the do togethers more than anybody we’re losing this money why because this wonderful ful companies shift their profits they may misprice their products which these companies are the great companies in the north and in the East now as well and we keep asking governments can you please upgrade the laws I mean Angel before you left OCD you were supposed to do that report on profit shifting and and nothing happened you guys sleep and because that is the problem that is the problem and this is taking money out of Africa there’s something please remember that illicit Financial flows this is corruption this is corruption and our friends in the north love corruption love corruption if they can get away with it remember that briber was legal until 30 years ago and Under Pressure then they hold the Foreign Corrupt act etc etc we need to raise our voice to stop a serious form of corruption so that’s also a problem so so excuse me so for Andress International cooperation in the front of corruption something coming here so you’re um proposing that cooperation need need to deal with corruption because that is a serious corruption and we need to call it corrupt coruption and the governments in the North and the East are responsible for that and the intention is they doing nothing only they started to worry when the British government the French government discovered that Google doesn’t pay tax Apple doesn’t pay tax excuse me this happening all the time every company in Africa wake up so that is important we stop hypocrisy and and double standards we need to act on that one thirdly the Baris club which dealing with debt and countries in in debt distress is not adequate anymore most of the creditors are outside this club now we need a new structure there that is important these are the key issues if we want to deal with that efficiently and quickly now it’s not only we blame others we Africans also sometimes act very stupid actually most of the time we act in a stupid way I mean we lost $47 billion in 1919 because of tax concessions we give to companies unneeded unnecessary why we offer tax incentives nobody offer tax incentives except the Africans guys stop doing that we lost 47 billion and taxes that’s equal to the for8 it stop this stupidity collecting tax we have a very low tax collection in Africa our Pension funds are not investing in Africa they inv in us and excuse me you inv so we have we have to be fair we just don’t blame those guys in the north we also shooting oursel in the food and we have to act in all this sorry I thought it’s important to flag just a few points if I take more time thank you so I I get that um you propose yes to go to the fiscal front and to a new international um agreement on that so um you want to um continue please n what I I I ask you sorry just be brief be very brief okay uh first of all I think um it while the governments are updating their taxation I my um trajectory to solve this problem is actually alternative governance structure and by that I mean Civil Society to be more um precise in many countries especially in fragile countries countries with uh two governments three governments or no governments at all uh the chances of having an actual investment or actual development is actually zero even minus in some places but then we find that there is always civil society that is actually trying to bridge the gap or at least hold the country together for a while and serve the population and um as much as we strengthen this alternative uh governance structures I think it is very um uh good at least if at least for a while to to depend on something that is gr root more and more um until maybe we we find peace in the world because uh with the with this rate maybe more and more conflicts will happen and and and then we really need an alternative structure uh very quick uh thing also Mr R here asked the question on how can we move from just talking to uh to actual acting and I think the question is going to him first basically um I mean sorry I don’t mean to um to put the spotlight on you or the afd for example but let’s review uh how are we dealing with with with with the different actors specifically Youth and and Civil Society um how how many and this is like a really direct question I know maybe you don’t have it on top of in your mind but maybe how many youth Le organizations or youth Le solutions that the afd managed to actually not only fund but also support technically um uh technologically in the past year and this is maybe it will show you how much lack of support uh I mean I get invited to many conferences and many panels and everyone clap and shake my hand with smile this was great but then the moment we move to the next step of actually implementing what they thought it was great and clapped for two minutes ago in the panel they start having urgent meetings or urgent uh phone calls so in instead of we actually stop uh this I don’t want to call it hypocrisy but soloft diplomacy into uh action oriented diplomacy things will keep as it is and a lot of people have by far more interest to keep things as it is so who are the Pioneers who are the people who say yes we know the bureaucracy we know the reporting system we know that the organizations or the youth leet have to have one 2 3 four five but we believe in these ideas we believe that change should happen now and this is why we should find solutions to these problems because um reporting for example or or admin things are things that we understand that and we have solutions for even in the very hard conditions even during shelting during uh bulleting during firing during all of the uh very hard circumstances we have solution for things it’s just the other side have to believe that these people are dying anyway are um taking care of everything on the front line and maybe maybe they can do their work better with a little bit of support from our side thank you thank you thank you then lonel I think we have to move fast with you and um what are your comments I don’t think there is any contradiction here between the the uh development objectives and the energy transition objectives there is no contradiction between anger and an action there is no contradiction between the uh sense urgency as this was uh very strongly expressed earlier on and on the sense of Injustice and sense of of solidarity and the need to take action this is a work of cooperation it takes cooperation on mobilization and moving from uh the words to the deeds and despite corruption despite inequalities despite all this um bad tax system and tax evasions so my country like many others don’t only work with the northern countries we work with Morocco and many other countries because cooperation is much more Universal that the simple listing of the rich countries in the North and the vulnerable countries but believe me the North is also vulnerable facing this energy transition and this is universal and my country is going to double the uh crop of mania and the production of corn Etc so despite all these obstacles so we need to split the work we need to have activism we need to express the Ambitions and the means and the real and tangible means of Africa but on a daily basis we have so much on our plate and so much to do that has to do with the Academia with the progress with the PE Enterprises that would be playing on a on a fair game a uh with a sense of philanthropy with a very uh Global cooperations and sense of general interest I don’t see any contradiction here so Remy well a couple of words of Hope to conclude with I do not believe first of all that our population are hostile to sustainable development and International cooperation I honestly don’t believe so we have published a couple of weeks ago a Paul and we have asked pretty much the same questions to the Polish to the Swedish to Italians to the French and German and the message was crystal clear uh a very full awareness and Consciousness about the global challenges on Stakes very strong support to International cooperation actions and anxiety and and and fear these are words that are unspoken they we’re not told what it is possible to do if we look towards Africa and mul is here to testify it let’s let’s look at and take a look at the recent sagales elections and the sign is clear the uh African you over two million of young SES that have candidates and elected and this is a hope and another sense of hope is that there are things going on in the financial sector of course it’s not going too fast or fast enough but there are a lot of discussions here and there and they go beyond the classical and incumbent lines that were fixed a long time ago and that needs to be further def defined and clarified so uh half of what we do for million EUR or billion per years goes through the governments but the other half goes through the private sector municipalities public uh corporations and also youth Civil Society so we have uh well a window through the French government to support women organization Youth Organization maybe we’re not doing enough and we’re not the only ones to actually uh ask these questions and read direct our actions so there are a lot of momentum in the Civil Society and public sector but this needs to be debated this needs to be acknowledged and fixed as full political priorities and have mandates so all this motion all this movement needs to find its political shape at a certain point if we really want to uh build that momentum move further and Achieve what it is that we want to achieve thank you thank you R so I think we getting to the end we we we are not going to be able to have questions but I want to thank everyone and uh please uhk thank you very much so we’re running a bit late I think this was a wonderful uh panel very interesting very important panel we’re running a bit late so you can still have a coffee I saved the coffee break for you but we will reconvene at 11:30 sharp in all the different sessions that we have 11:30 the next sessions will begin thank you [Music] [Music] [Music] [Music] [Music] [Music] [Music] e [Music] [Music] [Music]