The webinar has been designed and moderated by Magda Michaliková and Astrid Severin , Thematic Experts for a Greener Europe.
00:00:58 Introduction by Astrid Severin and Magda Michaliková
00:12:21 Keynote speech by Steffen Walk, European Compost Network (ECN), Bochum, Germany on the importance of high-quality biowaste
00:27:58 Q&A: What do you think is gonna be key for collecting the 40 million tons of biowaste left?
00:30:53 Q&A: Is the tax for incineration and landfilling an instrument on a local level (Andalucia) or a national level (Spain)?
00:35:22 Presentation by Loes Vandecasteele, City of Mechelen (Belgium) on Composting at home (CITISYSTEM)
00:46:07 Q&A: Do you accept all kind of food waste in the composters? How do you deal with ABP?
00:46:52 Q&A: Is there a procedure to prove that home-composting is done properly?
00:47:48 Q&A: Could you please repeat what Vlaco is? is it a government agency? Is there a similar organisation as Vlaco another countries?
00:49:23 Q&A: Do you account home composting as recycling for achieving the recycling targets or is as seen as prevention measure of food waste.
00:49:44 Q&A: Do you think this can easily be transfered to other regions?
00:51:40 Presentation by Dietmar Cavosi, Eco Center s.p.a. (Italy) on Anaerobic digestion of organic waste in the Province of Bolzano (CORE)
01:01:54 Q&A: During/after dewatering, where does the residual water goes? Is it treated locally? how much water does the process use per tonne of bio-waste?
01:03:47 Q&A: Where does sand content in separately collected bio-waste come from?
01:04:41 Q&A: What is the share of between green and kitchen waste in the input? The high yield suggests a rather low share of green waste.
01:05:15 Q&A: What would be needed for your plant to accept bio-plastics? or will this generate a whole new production concept?
01:06:06 Q&A: How many paper bags are given to each household per year?
01:07:26 Q&A: What is the use of generate heat?
01:09:10 Presentation by Emiel Elferink, Van Hall Larenstein (Netherlands) on Bokashi: Upgrading local organic residues (COLOR CIRCLE)
01:20:47 Q&A: Is any kind of compost allowed by legislation to use on the land or is there any label/certification needed for it? Because, here in Belgium even compost is still seen as a waste product.
01:21:59 Q&A: Would you recommend Bokashi to farmers rather composting?
01:23:38 Q&A: Is there any publication from the study conducted?
01:24:14 Q&A: What with impurities and pathogens in input? Which options to pre-/post-treat on the one hand..and hygienise on the other hand?
01:26:33 Q&A: What is your process temperature? Does hygienisation take place in the process? Do you have any results on testing weed seeds and plant response of your output material?
01:27:48 Key take-aways from the speakers.
[Music] imagine if you could easily find solutions to make your region or city smarter Greener better connected more social and closer to Citizens the inter EG Europe policy learning platform can help you access knowledge about the latest policy Trends discover expert validated good practices from all over Europe find Solutions in our peer review get tailored support from our expert team we can connect you with the right people and organizations together we will find ways to solve your regions or City’s challenges start your policy Learning Journey [Music] today so good afternoon uh it’s my pleasure to welcome you uh here to the second episode of our webinar series uh where we are looking at the topic of biowaste last week we have discussed various methods of biow collection and uh this week today we will focus on biow treatment uh so my name is Magda mikova and I am a thematic expert at the inter Europe policy learning platform uh I would also like to welcome my expert colleagues as sever who is also a thematic expert at the platform and Valentine du from our Communications team um before we start I would like to just share some housekeeping rules uh so we are recording this webinar and you will be able to find the recording online uh along with all the presentations that you will see today um we have a nice chat function uh that you can see at the bottom uh so please use that don’t be shy ask questions to our excellent speakers that we have with us today um and also let us know where are you coming from and at the end of the webinar uh we will share a survey it will automatically pop up uh so please don’t forget to give us feedback and now to the agenda uh so after a little introduction um from me we will have a keynote presentation from Mr uh Steph walk from the European Compass network uh who will talk uh about the importance of high quality biowaste and uh after our keynote presentation we will look at uh three good practices uh by loose V Castell of the city of meelan who will talk about composting at home um by Mr dear kavosi um who will talk about anerobic digestion of organic waste in the province of Bano and by Mr Emil aling uh who will talk about uh Bashi uh and um that is a little surprise of what this Bashi is um of course we have time for questions uh so uh we will take these questions throughout uh the webinar and we will also have some some time in the end so just ask away um maybe we can go to the slide before yes thank you very much uh so most of you probably were with us last week so I will not go too much in depth uh about the policy learning platform and Inter Europe um but just uh as a reminder uh the policy learning learning platform um offers uh various opportunities so we we give access to knowledge um we have a lot of uh written um material policy briefs um we have a large database of good practices uh which you can search through we also uh have a lot of stories articles news uh so really quite a lot of resources um on our website we also give uh access to people uh so we organ organiz events where you can meet the community meet people who are working on similar topics uh as you do uh and you can also search for these people on uh on the platform itself and um reach out to them and we also offer uh access to expertise uh so we have uh two main um Services expert services that we offer and I will look at these uh in a little bit more detail uh so these are so-called peer reviews and matchmakings and uh the perview is a two days meeting um it’s um basically an in-depth analysis of your policy challenge so you can come to us reach out with a policy challenge that you have in your region and we uh look for peers uh who would then exchange with you on their experience with um with a similar challenge that they have resolved in their region already and they present you with um potential Solutions so we’ve already had uh over 70 of these peer reviews and we have um applications coming every day now uh so it is a really an excellent service that’s uh very popular at the platform and um a little brother or sister of peer review is a so-called Matchmaker making uh which is a 2hour event uh where we have an in-depth discussion um again with a selected group of peers again it is tailored to your policy needs and questions but uh here we really focus on um something that is very very Nation specific I would say so that we can tackle it in two hours and I will just uh briefly talk about two examples of our past peer review uh and a past matchmaking um so a peer review that some some of you maybe heard last week U was a peer review for um the Porto area in Portugal uh and we um their challenge was a separate biow waste collection how to increase it and uh how to introduce uh payu throw schemes so the topics were efficient methods for separate byways collection approaches to increase quantity and purity of byways and um payd through schemes and self- sustainable financing models for byway collection and management and you can also uh find reports of uh of those uh on our website again and another example I want to mention uh was a matchmaking uh that we did for andalia in Spain uh and this time on a topic of small scale automated composting so um they’ve had um a project where where they had five semi-automatic machines in small municipalities and uh they wanted to look at specific operation problems of those machines uh and now uh we would like to get to know you a little bit uh as well uh so we will have um two polls one poll uh in one poll the first one we are asking you where you are coming from and it should pop up on our screens I think anytime okay so we will see who’s coming from local Regional or National Authority uh maybe you’re coming from private sector from a waste management organization an NGO uh EU institution or other maybe a university so majority uh of you are coming from local Regional and National authorities uh so far but um we will still wait a little bit yeah but I think the the trends are quite clear um but it’s a it’s a nice mix um that we have here with the majority of you coming from local Regional and National authorities but please continue to vote uh as well uh the PO polls are uh PS are there and uh a second one uh that we what we want to ask you is uh do you know what type of firway treatment is used in your City and um yeah maybe it’s a combination of anerobic digestion and composting maybe it’s mainly home composting maybe industrial composting an arobic digestion or maybe you don’t know Al so I think that’s quite interesting to see as well so it looks like almost one3 is um not so sure and uh yeah and around 1/3 um think it’s a combination of an arbic digestion and composting so maybe something to find out for those who don’t know and here we have a little wordcloud that we try to share in the end if we don’t forget uh where you can let us know what you think are the main challenges with byte treatment yes impurities uh quality of biowaste input a lot of people saying quality quantity different types of contaminant lack of Citizen awareness um yeah [Music] contamination right yeah it’s coming nicely together and uh so please keep adding ideas and um we will come back to this at the end of the webinar and I think this is actually quite quite a nice um introduction to our keynote presentation um because yeah um Stefan uh walk from the European Compass network will actually talk about the importance uh of high quality biow and we have seen in the word cloud that you’ve been putting impurities and quality um quite a lot so it is my pleasure um to introduce our keynot speaker and um Stefan the floor is yours hopefully you will Pro provide our participants with some answers first of all let me know know if you see my screen perfectly because I don’t see you anymore now everything works okay perfect um yeah thank you so much for introducing me um I think um it was very interesting now to see all the issues popping up because um that that it seems that the problems or there’s an awareness of of the problems that that are arising for for biway treatment um which I will speak briefly about um in this presentation as well but first of all I would like to give you a very short introduction on what we are doing at uh ecn um we are membership organization um with around 67 members right now from 28 European countries um and all of these members um they are National associations um and and companies working in bowte treatment um with a capacity of 48 million tons per year um to treat bowte um and around 4,500 composting and anerobic digestion plants so um yeah we are representing a a large share of the treatment capacity all over all over Europe before I go into my presentation I just quickly introduce you to two projects that we are currently working at um as well in ecn um one is uh the u fun life funed biobase project Where We Are working among other partners um in the guiding and the mainstreaming of best biow recycling practices um we have it’s a preparatory project uh working on EU guidance EU standardized guidance and standardization um to close the gap between um bowte um and bringing it back to to soils as compost or as as dig estate and the second one is um an interre funded project called core um I know we have another project another presentation uh in a bit about this project from a from a project partner but we are an advisory partner in this project um and uh yeah helping in the development of best practices especially in uh yeah the rural uh ecosystems um in different EU countries and regions so the agenda uh I will briefly talk about uh the importance of high quality biow the main challenges in collection but mainly treatment and then I give a glimpse of some policies that are aiming at improving of um biow Quality so first of all why is it why is it important to um yeah have high quality biway as a feed stock for treatment um it’s clear that um the feed stock quality directly affects also the product quality so for compost and digestate um you one can say in general that if we have a low quality of the input material we will that the chances are very high that we might have also a not very high quality of products and when I speak about quality here this can refer to macro impurities um such as Plastics glass Metals but as well on the chemical composition um depending on the feed stock origin however um treatment technology can can help to partly remove the impurities but with impurity removal we always lose also a big chunk of the organic material that can be could be recycled um because no treatment technology can 100% separate between um distinguish between the the good material and the bad material so I think that’s that is the basis uh the basic understanding why um we have to start at the point of collection and not only on the point of treatment to to assure high quality of the final product so in general um as you might be aware um treatment for for Bio are the most common options they are composting anerobic digestion or um an integrated system um what I’m presenting here right now um introducing to treatment technologies will also be uh published in a report quite soon um probably in in around August um so if you want to know more about treatment Technologies pre and post treatment to remove impurities or to refine the product um you can have a look uh at this report uh probably in August um all of these treatment options they have their specific benefits depending on local circumstances um also National Regional targets whether it’s uh included um bowte as an energy source um or mainly composting um within these options there are different um levels of techn uh technical complexity as well especially for um the composting process you can go from very lowtech open windro composting to automated system the indoor systems um so for for to to setting to set the base um in 2022 um we in Europe we recycled uh 71 million tons of biowaste producing around 21 million uh tons of compost another fraction was produced um of digestate was produced as well um so uh 42 million tons were directly composted and 29 million tons went through an anerobic digestive process to produce biogas um this helped as well to sequest 1.2 million tons of CO2 so we can say that composting is definitely a step um to help uh to to bring uh CO2 into soils um so to basically to store to to to act as a storage for for CO2 um to give an overview of the main challenges which you might have heard already last week but just to to to round it up um only 43% uh of the minesa biway was collected separately um in 2022 and the main issue is is uh food waste so we still have a lot of this uh food waste in our resid waste spins um it has a huge potential for treating higher amounts of of of this to to bio gas but also to mainly to compost or digestate um the other issue is as was established already before the contamination so they can be very high um depending on the the collection system um can be very user unfriendly open Street containers where no one knows exactly who’s throwing their waste in there and another issue is as well that many European member states although there’s the obligation from this year on uh still haven’t introduced a nationwide collection system um speaking of uh um targets um as you might know um in the U we have the target to recycle 65% of the municipal Solid Waste by 2035 and this is not to be achieved without a higher recycling rate of bowte um currently around six we need to improve um the recycling rate of biow from 17 to 35% um which would be another 40 million tons per year to be treated to achieve this recycling Target um so that was the main challenge for collection but I would say the the challenges that we have in collection they are directly linked to also the challenges in treatment um it really depends on feed stock composition um especially the level of impurities um it might cause a very intense pre- and post treatment um so there’s always issue of in in increased cost that we have for the treatment or the removal of um of impurities and this this might cause as well um the loss of of organic material that would need to go to incineration because it’s very contaminated um a currently highly debated topic is as well the issue of biodegradable Plastics um especially in in um Anor dig and also composting um the the current treatment capacity and also the treatment um duration is usually much shorter than the actual time the degradation would take so this issue um yeah causes also um yeah an increase of of contamination um in the final product um just to make a short introduction uh to best practices in bway treatment um you can also see this in um a guideline that will be uh presented around August um just to Showcase um the level of complexity that uh composting or or in general treatment of biow can have um here I selected a small scale composting plant uh in Catalonia and Spain um this is a plant that serves around around 30,000 inhabitants um and they are producing only compost um it’s an open wind R uh treatment and as you can see they have a very good input quality as well as a very good output quality with level very low uh level of contamination um another example is um the complete opposite um we have a large scale anerobic diges and composting plant in the ban District in Germany that serves uh one and 1.6 million inhabitants um they have more intense pre and post treatment um but they are also producing very high quality uh compost and uh bio gas as well so now I’m going to present you two um policies in brief um I just want to note that uh within the life biowest project we also have a policy brief published in last January so you can access this already when you want to know more about um yeah the the the current challenges in policies um and the barriers that would lead or that hinder um the the high quality production of compost and and digestate so for for the the first one is a policy from Germany um it’s uh established within the the biowaste ordinance um there was uh added a limiting value for overall impurities of 3% and plastic imp priorities of 1% at the Gate of treatment and this policy or this um yeah this uh legal act um leads to the potential that the plant operator can reject the delivery of Highly contaminated bowte um if he is uh sure that he can’t uh produce high quality compost at the end so um I think this is one of the most strict regulations so far in the European Union about input quality measures um they are M the main um uh methodology is on visual inspection since it was was found that uh the visual count of impurities is highly correlated with the actual um impurity by weight um in the in the input material and a second one is um it’s an actually an economic instrument integrated uh into a regional waste policy um this is true for the region of Catalonia in Spain um where they have a biow monitoring scheme since many years which is based on landfill taex and refund system and um so the municipalities pay a tax on landfill and incinerations and they can get a refund for the quantities and quality of biow collected um um so there’s also a limit for maximum contamination that decreases annually so this uh with this tax refund system municipalities get um yeah get U get nuted to uh try to improve their quality and potentially also their qualities and yes this is U it from my side um within the life biobased project uh just just on a note um we asked municipalities or local um entities if they are seeking for help or support uh for setting up or improving their biow management system we have a small program uh that they can reach out to us um there’s a registration link I’m not sure if it will be in the chat um if you’re seeking for help um please reach out to us and we will be very grateful or would like to help you uh in this in this sense so thank you very much for your attention thank you very much stepan for uh the excellent presentation and uh great introduction I think into the challenge uh that indeed as you have shown with with the statistics and numbers still um lies ahead of us some of the main points from your presentation that I’ve um noted down um so we have almost 40% of bowte in the res residual waste stream still uh there’s the big B Gap in collection um of food waste and of course the issues of contamination so um you’ve mentioned the problem with biodegradable plastic bags um that they are not um really matching the time when it comes to degrading uh as is uh the the the the other um waste and uh that in this sense it’s essential to ensure Purity uh at the collection stage and I thought the examples uh that you’ve mentioned from from Germany and from Catalonia were really excellent as well um very um inspirational I think uh so do we have any questions uh for Stefan um maybe from the colleagues here from the panelists okay maybe I can ask question um before we are going to the question which we’re just receiving now um so um very nice presentation thank you very much Stefan also from my side um so you talked about 40 million tons that we have to collect in addition uh and breed in addition of course um what do you think is going to be key for that you presented two policy instruments here that can be used what would you recommend well first of all learning from Best Practices that exist already um as I said some of them the European member states they still don’t have uh a a nationwide bio uh collection and treatment system in place so I think um this is the first key to bring them to introduce a collection system and as well a treatment system that serves uh at least a big share of the population um the other point is um that also those countries that have it implemented as well already um they they still have a big uh potential to improve um as it was uh I think it was mentioned some elsewhere um so the the there’s an obligation for each household to be um to have biway Spin and this obligation is not put into Practice still even though for countries that have already biow collection in place so there’s a big uh Gap uh that could be filled um if more households would receive a bios spin um so basically you have to bring the obligation and force or to enforce the obligation that’s that’s one one solution could be one solution and you think it is enforcement or it is in incentivizing or just awareness raising or is it a mixture of everything together um well one okay one one one thing is a when is Raising Ren is Raising for inhabitants is one thing um but that usually helps for those who have a biow spin already um those who are not provided of a bow spin for for um yeah Regional reasons um I think there it’s more about um yeah well also incentivising um by regulation that municipalities see an advantage in having biway collection and treatment um this for sure yes and the last point of course it’s it’s enforcement it’s enforcement of course also inspection I don’t know I I I’ve heard in in Switzerland there is a little window in the bin and you can see which also helps with the quality I guess U we have a question from the audience which is um the following uh is the tax for incineration and landfilling an instrument on local level in Brackets Andalusia or on National level in Spain it’s only in Catalonia so far it’s only in Catalonia so it can be uh it can be done at Regional level as well yes at least in Spain it goes It goes down until until Municipal level because the municipalities they are uh they are paying those taxes is that the same in uh in uh in Belgium and in the Netherlands and in Italy can you can you maybe say that lose is a landfill tax uh something which you have can enforce regionally dma in Bano would you know not sure we have yeah um this is really not my expertise on that but I from what I know it’s um uh citizens pay for the uh uh pay to the municipalities so it’s managed by them but still um if you if you want to read more on this um again we have a policy brief published in within the life biobase project so there it um it also deals with these regulations and how they are put in place um and actually where in which countries there are um landfill taxes um um P throw systems and so on so all the these systems in place very good maybe just one one one more time to lose I think you started to to speak you had your mic open I just I didn’t know uh I don’t know how it’s arranged with the taxes here for land I don’t think we have landfill of byway so okay to be honest we have to we have the contrary in the Netherlands we you pay for land filling for the the non- green waste so and and the green waste is let it for free so very good well thank you very much um yeah thank you we also have a excuse me we also have a comment in the chat uh I think along those lines so for achieving the most amount we need different entities to legislate in common so when you have regulations that are going um against each other uh it is hard hard to to do something about it so yeah I um I assume in in some uh countries well it will be very specific uh anyways from country to Country I think what you can also do on Regional level and National level um okay so thank you very much um we also have uh another comment from s Sarah uh so byway policy needs to distinguish between preon consumer and postc consumer biow pre-consumer bowte can be recycled further up the food waste hierarchy um for example to be used as feed stock for insects um to then make feed so any any comments from um from our panel on uh on this uh distinguishing between pre-consumer and postc consumer bowte when it comes to treatment yes I think here in where I’m from in mlin we really try to focus on this high value valorization of uh so first we try to prevent and then secondly we the surplus food if it’s still um useful for food consumption human consumption then of course it’s better to redistribute that instead of uh um burning it or using it for energy yeah yeah so so it is reflected also in um in the policies in me yeah yeah yeah I agree good okay so then uh well actually over over to you loose um you are the next on the agenda uh and uh you will speak about um how by is treated um in the city of melan so please Theo is yours yes thank you m can you see my screen yes okay perfect so I’m going to talk to you about one specific part how biowaste is treated in mlin um it’s home composting it’s one of the good practices we uh identified in the city System project um the Consortium of City system consists out of seven Partners uh from six different countries um and I am the pro project coordinator for um the Belgium partner um in mechlin um I work for the city of mlin so I will talk to you about uh one of the good practices home composting uh in our region U but first I need to explain you a little bit about how Belgium is organized even though we are a tiny country it is a little bit complicated um so we have three different regions in Belgium one is Flanders uh in the North or the Dutch speaking community and then there is um wona in the South or the French speaking community and then we have a small uh German speaking community in the East um each Community also aside from the federal government has its own government um and meelin where I am situated lays just in between antp and Brussels right in the middle so it’s in Flanders uh and the home composting scheme I will talk about uh is only implemented in Flanders um so let me now explain you how biowaste is managed in Flanders um all municipalities are grouped into a so-called intermunicipal waste Association uh these associations um are involved in the managing of the organic and inorganic waste um that is produced in the participating municipalities um and the flamish Public Waste Authority ovam uh is respons is the responsible Administration um for meelin and the nine municipalities around it um the intermunicipal waste company is called evm and then so over the Public Authority um the intermunicipal waste associations and the companies processing uh the bowte they are all United um by the nonprofit organization that is called Flo um and Flo has been representing the policy and the interest of the organic cycle in Flanders uh for more than 30 years already um the on organic waste in Flanders is it has a two-fold approach so on one side we have the small cycle the closed loop and on the other side we have a a large uh long closed loop um so more The Selective collection and processing of uh green waste and organic waste that goes towards um industrial treatment plants um and then so composting at home falls under the small cycle on the left and that focuses uh on local proess processing of the organic waste so raising awareness um prevention and education of the citizens how to do it themselves is very important in this cycle um the so small cycle is some sort of prevention as I said because actually waste that is not taken uh with the door-to-door collection or is given to any of the recycling Parks here is not seen as waste um so that’s the interpretation that we have in Flanders to the race directive um and that’s also why we often call it um organic remains or organic res residues instead of organic waste uh so the promotion of composting at home in mechlin specifically has been going on since the late 90s um the idea is that we want to keep the bowte so the kitchen scrap and the green the garden waste from the citizens in the small Loop because it’s better for the environment because um if it’s done properly the composting process you have less uh green greenhouse gas emissions uh and also you save money because you don’t need costly transport or any processing uh infrastructure is needed um citizens get support in the form of uh information so vaco has a website and they uh share out a lot of manuals they have brochures they have videos on how to compost at home um and they organize info sessions and workshops on a regular basis and also on the website of the city um you can find uh the link to this information um and additionally people can get actual pract practical advice from we call them the master composters those those are volunteers that are trained by Flo um and in mlin specifically you can see them every second Sunday of the month um they come to the one of the um city parks where we also have a composting demo installed and people can uh ask for advice um until 2022 um this good practice was subsidized uh by the flamish government so from ovam people could buy um compos bins or wormeries you can see on the picture uh the the green the green the gray boxes that are stacked on each other um they could buy this for a more economical price um through the City but unfortunately the subsidy has stopped since 2022 um but the good news is that the city really wants to um keep putting resources into that this to keep on promoting uh this small cycle of composting at home um even though there will be um General uh door-to-door collection from 2026 uh onwards so what are the results uh um Flo has done some scientific re research and did an extended poll in 2018 and they found out that 41% of the people in Fr Flanders are composting at home uh some of them are composting a small parts and other are composting quite a lot of the organic residues that they produce um we also make a distinction between uh Garden waste and kitchen waste so 40% of the garden waste producers are composting more than 75 % of their Garden waste at home um and 36% of the kitchen waste producers are composting more than 75% of their kitchen waste at home uh and then if you compare this to the actual weights uh um 55% of the biow waste was processed um through selective collection and then industrial composting uh and then a small 24% was through home composting and then we have still a 22% that ends up in the residual waste um yep so actually we have two possibilities in Flander so you can choose or you can post at home or you give it to the door too collection or you go with your garden waste you can also go to the recycling Parts uh to give you an idea on the resources used in Flanders for this good practice I have numbers from 20 21 and 22 uh but for the other years uh it’s very comparable um so 42,000 of subsidies was was spent um to be able to um provide the bins for to at cheaper prices to the citizens um and specifically for mecklin this meant that in those years 750 compost bins were sold so we translate that to 750 households but this is exclusive uh the compost bins that people make themselves at home not every buys everyone buys one of these bins but you can also easily make it yourself um we saw that the wormeries were actually um yeah they were provided for people who don’t really have a garden don’t really have the space to put a compost bin so um more people that live in an apartments and of course we have a lot of people living in apartments in the city um but these worm bins are not very popular because you know people still have uh issues with odor or flies uh coming to them so it’s not really a favorable option um and then a last thing um if this good practice is transferable to other regions of course it is um if there is enough space people with uh reasonable size Gardens you can always install a compost bin and you need uh very important is that you really need a central point of contact at the city or another organization where people can go for to get all of the information and it’s also very important to continuously um inform and educate your volunteers but also um the citizens themselves voila thank you very much if you want more information on the city System project you have the website there thank you li um thanks for sharing the approach you have in mlin and all the results it’s it’s really nice to see that it’s been also going for such a long time and uh I really found the small and large cycle very interesting and uh quite impressive to see the number of households that are actually that opted for home composting U even if uh just partially and also very interesting and new thing to me that home composting is not considered waste um kind of like staying home in the garden so that’s uh yeah that’s quite interesting um we have some questions in the chat um so do you accept all kinds of food waste in the composters uh how do you deal with animal byproducts yes um I’m not a a master composter myself to be honest um so some organizations or some people even depending on who you talk to have different rules yes um so some allow um animal waste and others don’t um but mostly to prevent uh rats or anything coming to your compost we advise people not to throw in any uh meat leftovers or eggshells and so on yeah thank you um is there a procedure to prove that um home composting is done properly uh no no not yeah even for maybe the you know the owners themselves if they have a way to you know to check or to turn to somebody you’ve mentioned there is actually now that I think of it you can send a sample um to vco and they can um analyze for you if you have good quality compost yes because they do they also do the search ification for the industrial compost so they can yes it’s possible to send a sample MH yeah okay so it’s basically up to the individuals to yes decide because it’s also them that are using their own compost yeah yeah yeah that makes sense uh could you please repeat what vco is is it a government agency is there a similar organization um as vco in other countries it’s a nonprofit but it’s uh yeah it’s linked to government um it’s an it represents government and uh the intermunicipal waste associations together um because in earlier in the early days the the government saw that a lot of composting initiatives were uh started up and they wanted to have a more standardized or a lot of Volunteers started to sharing information on how to compost and they wanted a more standardized way so that is why they ask FL will to take up this role um for Flanders and how this is organized in other countries to be honest I don’t know we need to ask the people from the other countries yes maybe people can maybe people from similar organizations can react in the chat and I see also somebody else reacting um that blacko is a nonprofit organization a membership organizations okay members um are inter municipalities and treatment PL okay thank you Crystal is um working for V so she knows the best and uh another question we have uh do you account home Goos thing as recycling for a achieving their cycling targets or is it seen as prevention measures of food waste it’s seen as prevention here yeah great uh okay so I hope that is all that we’ve covered ASR go ahead I also have a question uh thank you very much for your great presentation L it’s very interesting to see for how many years um you’re already doing this how well you have implemented and uh you have very strong recycling rates in uh in Flanders um not in the rest of Belgium so one of the things we want to do here is to help other regions uh to adapt uh you know these these successful policies and successful uh measures do you think Um this can easily be transferred uh to to other regions you know your your system of for example promoting home composting I I think that yes because we have now what is happening in in in Portugal for example which is a Mediterranean country uh but I I would be interested in hearing your your opinion yes I don’t I don’t see why this could not be transferred to the other regions even in Belgium and why do you think wuna is not doing it then then I ask another question I’m not sure they’re not doing it they’re just organized in a different way um I’m not saying they’re not composting at all no no I was just saying that this scheme that I’m talking about is only for Flanders um no that that was coming from me but uh what is well known is that you’re doing it extremely well and valun is doing activities but not to the same rate of success that’s what I was wondering maybe it’s not uh there’s not enough data on it yet because actually in Malona there’s much more space uh to do home composting here in Flanders we’re much more packed together uh so yeah yeah also could be okay thank you thank you again L um and uh then we will move to our another speaker uh and I I would like to warmly welcome theet Mar kavosi uh who will speak about anerobic digestion of organic waste in the province of Bano the floor is yours so I hope you can see my presentation okay um so hello to everyone my name is diar kavosi I’m plant manager at echocenter and the topic I’m going to speak uh is an aerobic digestion of organic waste in the province of Bano um first I would like to give you a brief uh introduction a description on our Province and our local reality then I’m going to talk about the implementation of our good practice the evidence of success and the Lessons Learned um as I said I work for echocenter which is a public owned company um so nonprofit and we run the major waste disposal plants in the province of Bano including the anerobic digestion plant of organic waste on which we are going to focus in this presentation um so the province of Bano uh is a small Mountain province in Northern Italy in the middle of the Alps um there are only roughly 500,000 inhabitants however there’s a lot of Tourism and 2022 there there about 8 million arrivals with a stay of five four to five days so this means that especially in summer and winter we get important Peaks in production of biowaste so we needed a technology and a plant that is able to handle these fluctuations uh in the treatment um in addition the the available surface area in the province is quite small only 4% lies belond below 1,000 meters of altitude and uh there’s a strong AG agricultural sector so space for constructing plans is very limited and you also need to control uh the production of others very well um so in our case uh it was chosen that the best solution was to build an aerobic digestion plant for the organic waste so smell issues could be controlled as it is a closed process you need only a little surface and as an advantage you produce also biogas which can be used to self- sustain uh the electricity and heat demand of the plant uh and in the end you produce also valuable digestate that can be used in fer composting um how this practice was implemented in our case uh the first plant was built in 2006 and it had a capacity of roughly 6 to 8,000 tons of bowte per year the plant was then extended in 2020 and reached three 30,000 tons of capacity which could would be enough to cover the uh the whole uh need of the province of Bano um the resources needed to build the plant were roughly 20 million EUR considering the expansion of the plant in 2020 and currently we employ uh around 11 plant operators the plant itself so the process runs 247 uh every day per year and uh however it’s open so there we have operators present from 6: to 6: in the afternoon uh where the uh where the treatment itself takes place however the process runs automatically also during night um the actors involved for now are roughly 53 municipalities uh who convey their biow to our treatment plans I would like to give you a a brief overview on the process inside the plant and technologies that we use um so the organic waste um arrives at our plant and then under goes a pre-treatment in Hammer Mills where it is soluted with water uh and first screening such as Plastics and are separated from the bowte um the so prepared substrate goes then in the Pro in the digestion process itself where we have the microorganism that break down the organic fraction of the waste producing biog gas biogas is in our case used in Co generation systems to produce heat and electricity and the sludge is dewatered and the so obtained digestate is then sent to a composting facility which for now is located outside our Province um this reactor are equipped with A continuous extraction system for sand on the bottom and for light materials in the top so we can uh we don’t need many maintenances so the reactor itself does we never have to open it there’s a discontinuous extraction of sand and light materials such as plastic uh on the top of the reactor um talking about the evidence of success uh on the right you can see a mass and energy balance of the last year so last year we treated 21,000 tons of organic waste and in terms of electricity we produced 3/4s of the electricity we were able to sale and aquora uh was needed for self consumption um our input material is quite good so we get a very high production of Bio gas so about 160 cubic meters per ton and also the amount of screening that we separate with about 3% is quite good in our opinion and this translates to a relatively low price for Waste Disposal that the municipalities have to pay also because we are a nonprofit uh organization um in the future we foresee to expand uh the collection of theg request to more municipalities um covering the whole Province um I would like to talk about the lessons now that we have learned I would say uh the most important lesson is the are the information campaigns uh mainly regarding two factors which is the proper waste collection to limit screenings and informing the population about the impact that the plant has on the environment so regarding safety and others which with modern technology you can uh control quite well um in terms of collection uh in our we would suggest that population should only put the thing in the collections that are actually treatable by the anerobic digestant we use uh paper bags for the collection which in our opinion is the best solution as for example bioplastics uh as it was said in one of the previous uh presentations is uh I wouldn’t say harmful in our process but it can’t be degraded in the process that we have our residence time of the waste is around 30 days and in this time period the bi plastic enters exit as it enters the process um some negative uh things about our um plant is that we right now don’t have any composting facility next to our plant so we have to bring it to an external facility um and this is one of the challenges we have so the digestate management we would like to close the circle locally um another challenge for the future is the implementation of the upgrading of the biog gas uh into biomethane by purification process and to inject the biomethane then directly into the gas git so these are the major challenges that we are facing in future [Music] um and I’m now coming to an end of my presentation and I’m happy to answer any questions uh thank you very much for your attention uh thank you very much D Mar for very interesting example U from Bano and congratulations on having such a massive system in place um you’ve mentioned um just like Luc uh actually that it’s really important to inform the public um to reach high quantities because of course for such such a large um scale system you need to have large quantities um a big input um you’ve also mentioned the use of paperbags and the importance of giving them out for free uh so I think that’s um quite important to pinpoint as well and of course the right pre-treatment um so we have quite a lot of questions in the chat actually so I will uh go right to it uh so during and after the watering where does the residual water goes uh go is it treated locally yeah uh the water goes down to a water treatment facility which treats the for Waste Water treatment of the city of Bano in our case so we don’t treat it actually in the plant but at the Waste Water treatment of the of the city and related question to that uh how much water does the process use per ton fireway uh I have to look up the actual number right now um but I can say that the resid that the it it’s also seasonally dependent um it depends a lot on the how wet the biowaste actually arrives we have a wet process and we so the waste water that we produce can be compared roughly to the amount of uh so to the amount of uh biow that arrive so we have about one cubic meter I would say of of water per cubic meter of biowaste so of so one cubic meter of waste water is produced by one for one cubic meter of biow that enters the plant okay thank you very much um since there are a lot of tourists in the area is there a special communication program for them to sort their waste um in their holiday homes do you know I’m not sure about that I I that’s that is a question hard for me to answer right now um no problem we can about it but maybe there is um we can also come back to that later I mean no problem um another question where does send content in uh separately collected biow waste come from so the so the bowte comes from the municipalities who the sand the sand content where why do you have so much sand yeah I mean if you there you shouldn’t put any like eggshells or nutshells for example into the bowte but obiously they happen to be there and this is one component which is separated in the reactors and this we consider as sand and then there there there are always some inert materials inside the bowte that are heavier and go to the bottom so this was referred to as sand that’s clear thank you uh another question what is the share um between green and kitchen waste in the input the high yield suggest a rather low share of green waste yeah in the input as uh we have a separate connection for green waste in uh so so in our plant no green waste is treated only kitchen waste and so the green so the green waste um the green waste is treated in composting yeah yeah interesting um another question what would be needed for your plant to accept the bioplastics um or will this generate a whole new production concept um so from the research that we’ve read regarding the digestion of bioplastic it is not possible in our process to actually treat it so um I mean maybe it gets smaller in the process but it’s not treated okay so in the the best thing uh the only thing you can do is try to separate it and then goes basically to incineration but in our process it’s not uh degraded yeah yeah um another question how many paperbacks are given to each household per year if you know very specific question this is I um I can tell you from personal experience that there are enough but I’m not sure about number and I think you can also get U even more if you I mean you can if if it’s not enough you can get more I think so yeah so this is distributed directly or um do you pick it up distri they’re distributed in case of the city of Bano they’re distributed to the household yeah okay yeah and uh next question do you have high electric uh conductivity in the digestate and compost from the salt used in the food um I’m not uh this is I’m not sure about this and we send the digested to a composting facility uh but I can’t tell you now for the the electric conductivity of the the but if you’re interested I mean we have analysis of our digested and we can we can provide that yeah well let’s see let us know uh K if you if you would like that yeah and the last question uh what is the use of uh the generated heat so the the generated heat is partially used to heat the digesters which are kept at 39 de C in our case uh but most of the heat for now has no use um unfortunately we don’t have a larger Community next to the plant because the plant location was CH was chosen to be quite far away from uh the city centers so we can’t use it uh in terms of um District Heating and so we roughly use maybe I don’t know one quarter for it for the heating for self to self sustain the plant in term of in terms of heat needs but most of it goes to the atmosphere and this lost for now this is one of the reasons because the we want to implement the upgrading plant and the coming years so we produce only the electricity that we actually need and the heat that we actually need and the the rest of it goes into the into the gas grid and can be used directly where where it’s needed perfect uh great so thank you very much for all your answers um there might be uh some interest to to still have separate discussion it seems um so we will we will put you um in touch okay thank you very with lior and then you can um you can discuss uh further um so thank thank you very much again and now we are moving to our last presentation uh so last speaker is uh Emil aling um who is coming from the Netherlands and uh we’ll speak about something with a very enigmatic name uh book so the floor is yours and I will let you explain what is that all about share my screen one moment please if I’m correct you can see it now so okay yes thank you so my name is alank I’m an applied research Professor on sustainable Soul management and I’m working for the University of applied sciences from h l Stein so which is in the north of the Netherlands and in indeed I’m going to tell you about a good practice called Basi which we uh researched in the inter Europe project color circle um which we have compared in especially in the region of the north of the Netherlands um it’s about a different perspective than I think than the other presenters have given they were more about house out R and about processing compost etc etc I will talk more about agriculture perspective and what’s happening there so so and demand and what’s what’s changing there so so um so if you look at the Netherlands then we see an specific Agricultural Development from the more intensive agriculture systems to a more extensive agricultural system with more variety more diversity etc etc and we call them regenerative agriculture or nature inclusive agriculture or you can call it circular farming so it’s all the same more or less the same concept so about making agriculture more sustainable and sometime they have a different Focus but what they do have in common is that they all look at ecology perspectives that they look at Landscape Management and also about circular aspects so and especially why are we doing that um uh ecosystem services are becoming much more important also in the Netherlands for agriculture Farmers so farming itself meaning that it’s not only anym about producing large amount of of of food or feed so but also about all kinds of other ecosystem services like improving biodiversity finding solutions for climate change etc etc and improving quality now one very important aspect there is on the left side it’s the increase of so organic matter yeah so um and because of that um and I think I need to tell a little bit about that as well farmers in the in the Netherlands sometimes use compost but they had issues with the quality of compost yeah so and the and the legislation in the Netherlands changed um I think in 2009 19 allowing Farmers to collect um cream materials themselves so and use them in the field yeah so was not allowed just to process them and one way of um using or processing these cream materials is by making Bashi and and Bashi is a Japanese word for well fermented materials uh so it mean that you you ferment uh uh the the green waste and that’s a process we do for a lot of food products on the left side you see all kinds of products and which are which are fermented and we use them to store the quality more or less yeah so um it’s a word that comes from Dr Higa so a Japanese Professor there and it’s he he invented it in the 1960s yeah so as says in this I said in this case it’s mainly about cream M materials so the uh the pruning waste ditch clippings roadside clippings etc etc are not on household wor yeah so that’s not allowed so so in the nland so uh uh you can do it uh but it’s not so and it is an an anerobic process which is accompanied uh by effective microorganisms and actually you have two stages um one is the processing itself which is the fermentation which is anerobic and secondly you use it in the field and then you have a second process which is more the decomp composting um which is more aerobic um now how does that look like then um on the left side you see now a tractor which which is collecting or which is mowing uh the road sides so so you can also use set pruning waste but also ditch clippings so which is also used in this case you see ditch clippings which are are stored in this case or collected so it’s very important that you then add um clay or and and and and and shell chalk so uh to keep the pH at a certain level but also to add microbiology so effective microorganism yeah so um let’s see if I can reduce this so yeah super and then um it’s processed so uh uh it’s um it’s mixed so so and it’s it is baged and in this case in trunks so uh uh like like this machine does so we already have machines for that it’s stored um there for8 to 10 weeks so then it’s completely firment it and then you can uh use it in the field like in this case on the left side you just Dy it on the field and you don’t and then then you leave it there so what’s the difference then between compost and Bashi I thought that’s nice to to show in this case as well uh so I already discussed the aerobic first the anerobic process uh composting is more about conversion so actually making a different product so by by bassi or fermenting is more or less preserving uh the product itself you have different carbon nitrogen ratio so that’s mainly because in compost you can use Woody materials more easily than than in buasi so in bassi you you more or less use fresh materials which are a little bit wet or which are more crusty so so uh uh uh uh in compost you don’t use additives so uh in bassi you need additives so um with some exceptions compost is usually not covered maybe when it’s too wet or to rain you sometimes in the Netherlands cof it but only part partly so and in bassi you need to cover it otherwise you don’t get the anerobic uh uh uh process uh compost is stood uh while you buasi you leave it alone so uh uh but compost you have a stable usually end product so um and by Basi you have an intermediate products as mentioned you add it to the field and then it’s decomposed L very important at the moment is that compost is allowed by dut law and Basi is not allowed by this law because it’s seen as waste so so and there’s a lot of um of of there a lot of there an organization cir cir TR bear in Dutch it’s about circular train management so so which is trying to uh do research uh like our and see if you can change that law so that you also can allow to use bassi so now what we did is we tested Basi we still are doing that so uh um uh we started already in 2018 with the Bashi experiment um we had five Farmers so um uh three were on crass and two were on fod fod maze um uh we put strips so uh in the field in the same field and we added uh one strip we added buasi the other one we added slly and the other and the third one we did actually did nothing so it was the control so so uh uh and we uh more or less used for the bassi and the slurry uh the same amount of um of of of of nitrogen phosphate and and calium so and the Contra only got in the first year some some fertilizers so and the second year didn’t um so you can already see for cross that um in this case buasi has a seems to have a positive effect on the cross yield in 2019 yeah so um however for mace this is completely different you can see that uh that in the slurry case uh um uh the the the in in in 2019 um the M yield is is higher than in 2018 so compared to buasi so so you have a better ratio there yeah again more or less um the same kind of um and nutrients added now we have also a lot of developments in the Netherlands with regard to Basi um especially law and regulations is a big debate at the moment so uh is uh can you state that leaves and and roadside clippings are actually waste and because of that you’re not allowed to to make a product out of that so why it’s a more or less also the same raw material from compost so so um so that’s not a discussion so um you also see a lot of new techniques coming up which makes it more easier to uh handle Bashi so if you looked at the big trunks for instance which I showed you then you have this large large large um volumes which are difficult to transport uh some Farmers already come up with more initiative more new initiatives like making these small what you see on the top small bills of of of bassi so like you do that with with crash so and um with feet press so so this is one of the new techniques um also very interesting is that a company or an organization called AR cycling which is a which is an association of of farmers and they already have um group of over 100 farmers in the Netherlands who are testing and wanted to use uh the wanted to use organic residues um and add them to Sals so you can enhance so quality and making business models on that and this is now very working very well and secondly and as last we’re doing a lot of research so you can see on the right side um the the the map of the Netherlands so you see 60 pilots on it and each pilot is a Bashi pilot that’s allowed by law temporarily to test Bashi usually compared with compost or compared to slur like we did so uh uh um and also what you see in the middle is this this nice pot so so so with some plants in it so this is called the mesocosms and we also are looking at differences between effects on water quality in this case so it’s an understo Circ so uh in which we add bassi in which we add compost in which we add slurry we have over hundreds of them you only see one but we have 100 of them and we testing these kind of of of water quality effects of of of Bashi compos and slur as well to see what’s what’s happening there so that was shortly my uh my presentation so um thank you for uh for giving me the opportunity to tell something about this and if you have questions please please ask uh thank you very much um very inspiring presentation I think uh we have a lot of questions popping up in the chat um yeah thank you for raising the point of increasing the organic matter in the soil as well um because that hasn’t been mentioned and um I think it’s quite key for uh the future of our food system so thanks for that and uh let’s go to the questions that we have um is any kind of compost Allowed by legislation to use on the land or is there any label certification needed for it um it’s from Lois and she says here in Belgium even compost is still seen as a waste product and cannot be um no it’s allowed to um it’s allowed to use compost in the Netherlands so we have a lot of composting firms there so uh Farms buy a compost from them and that’s one one option and even the local initiatives in which Farmers themselves are composting like making Bashi and we did and that’s allowed um you have need to follow certain regulations yeah so that’s important as well yeah so so there’s otherwise you have a disbalance between the larger companies and um and the smaller Farmers or Farmers organization uh there is a method in the Netherland which is called controlled microbiology composting so which is a certificate for the compost quality yeah and it’s done by a branch organization called B so uh in the Netherlands who controls that yeah so so um yeah thank you very much uh so would you because you said some some farmers are um also making Bashi making compost would you recommend this method to Farmers rather than composting I think two different completely different processes and um I’m looking from the saw perspective yeah so so and I think compost has at certain point very high additive value for for for Souls s so so it’s already process it’s a stable material which is very nice and you get all kinds of fungi so my microbiology is happening there well Basi also is very interesting um because it’s it’s it’s it’s a more or less Fresh Feed so for the for the microbology it’s processed there and you get all kinds of positive effects there as well so depending on what your soul needs so yeah so that’s why how we look at it yeah is what we are trying to make what kind of mixture how do you feed your so microbiology so yeah so the soul life itself and what does it need yeah and that’s what we try to to find in these projects can you optimize that and sometimes a farmer should use compost but maybe the other times sometimes you also need to use bassi yeah so so depending on on SOL life ecosystem Services you want to promote etc etc yeah and these kinds of solutions are we doing trying to do research too yeah so yeah yeah makes sense so it always depends and it’s going to be a combination probably yeah you you also don’t eat just one product yeah so so you need to to feed the so properly so you do that by all kinds of mechanisms and Bashi and compost are just two options you have then so yeah is there any publication um from the study that you have done that you could share no not yet the the study is finished by the end of next year and uh uh so and then we probably presentend all the results so uh um uh we have some presentations and some studies in Dutch so that that I can share so so uh there are some reports on it so uh uh but an English um scientific paper is is hopefully coming by by next year with all the results and we have done it for six years so yeah um what about impurities and pathogens in uh the input yeah which yeah which options to pre-post treat um on the one hand and H un ni on the other hand the please the last sentence what was what that which options are there to pre-treat it or post treat it now I already mentioned the the organization circular Tri here so which is um it’s in Dutch uh they have um Quality criteria for uh what kind of uh pruning waste there roadside clippings it’s a little bit comparable comparable to what stepan talk about is that you have visual because if you have Road sides you can have a lot of plastics etc etc that this is not the kind of materials you want uh that’s also why farmers find this very important that they don’t have it so you don’t want to have glass or or can and and and and and and in in your um in your cross or the the raw materials you’re going to use uh so this yeah a set of criteria for that so so uh U uh to um to um to check that uh we have also a big research program which is run by the Ving University and they looked at the quality of all kinds of Bashi so the 60 Pilots I showed you so um and they hardly see any contaminations there or and they looked at pathogens they looked at heavy metals they looked at microplastics etc etc so the quality is not less than b than compost so the quality of buasi is is is is is yeah and there’s there is a report on that as well so we can also share it if you like so this is one is if I’m correct so um um there is some discussion now does it have effect on because in the Netherlands we export a lot of high quality food products yeah so which just um and there can be that es a risk for um for uh for nematodes for instance yeah so so that’s also what we are trying to trying to find if there’s an export risk there yeah so um and I can answer on this question so yeah yeah and maybe a last question what is your process temperature um yeah that’s the funny thing that there’s no temperature so it’s it’s a cold process so it’s a fermentation process so and that’s a difference between compost so you increase the temperature 60 to 70 degrees Yeah so uh fermentation process is more or less cool yeah so so it’s not it’s not hardly increasing the temperature yeah so if you do so then the microbiology dies so and then you have an issue yeah so so there’s no actually process there it’s just storing and conserving the the the the materials you have yeah so great there’s a couple of more questions but we um are running out of time so uh don’t worry to those who post these questions we will um come back to you with answers We Will We Will um get the answers from em so thank you very much um and now I would like to ask uh Valentine to maybe put uh put on again the world Cloud that we that we had in the beginning and I would ask our uh all our speakers um for uh kind of a last round of key takeaways um from this webinar so if you would have to summarize what are the key factors and important points um to take take way when talking about byway Treatment Solutions so maybe we can um start with you st yes uh thank you very much um my key takeaway uh message especially to local authorities would be um yeah I hope that you that you learned from some good practices today um if you’re struggling with implementation of collection system with a treatment system um get in contact with those people one step ahead that have a good system running already um don’t try to reinvent the wheel I think there are very good practices already in place um so uh try to make use of it um try to yeah learn from these practices and yeah um worst case copy and paste the good programs that are in place already great any body who wants to go next Lo sorry I was still muted sure um my key takeaway would be um inform the people as good as possible with the correct information make sure you have um a central point where people can find this information or um uh a central uh contact person um and repeat uh the information regularly because people forget yeah I think that’s a good point and uh maybe also from what we’ve heard uh before providing the resources for free like free paper bags or um composting bins uh is helpful uh What uh other points do we have dietar Emil I would say like my colleague said the most important thing is the quality of the waste that you bring to the treatment plant otherwise the whole um discussion doesn’t make much sense and also the use of bioplastics I think this is an important point where we have to think about what is the uh what is the best method to uh collect bowte to ensure that we have a good quality input material and that ensures also good management of the plant and a good output material so I would like to F if you’re planning to implement a process you really have to focus on the quality of the input material and then also planning ahead to uh expand the plant so don’t plan too small but make sure you have the possibility to make it larger if you need yeah that’s a good point as well uh plan so that you can uh make it bigger because um you will increase the input hopefully um Emil what about key was from you I think I have two so what we see in the Netherlands that is an a process going on from more centralized processing of these these screen materials to decentralized processing yes so farmers taking the initiative yeah so so uh uh and my second is connected to that because they’re looking to S quality yeah so so so they want to have their own um Quality check so they want to know what what what is added to the SCE etc etc so they’re collecting system they are developing system themselves how to collect Which Way streams or cream materials and to process them yeah so that can be compost that can be Bashi yeah so great and I think we have also uh really nice key takeaways actually in from our um participants in In This Cloud that I see and a lot of the points that you’ve mentioned citizen awareness quality quantity so that we have enough um microorganisms uh communication um bioplastic impurities um so lot of the points you you’ve said um so thank you uh through speakers and and colleagues um before we end I would uh also like to invite everybody to consider participating in our Workshop uh that we are organizing in Vienna uh and will take place on the 22nd of May uh we have a really interesting program and we are focusing on promoting circularity and Sustainable Building Materials so uh it’s a little bit different but maybe for some of you it’s align uh along the lines of what you do um because U it’s um we have we have a section on biobased Building Materials in this Workshop as well so you can uh check it out and um yes thank you for joining us uh thank you for staying a couple of minutes uh longer uh thanks for the interesting discussions and uh interesting presentations um please fill out the survey that will pop up at the end and um see you next time have a nice afternoon