Frank Lenz, the Cyclist Who Vanished | STUFF YOU MISSED IN HISTORY CLASS

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Frank Lenz, the Cyclist Who Vanished | STUFF YOU MISSED IN HISTORY CLASS

In the 1890s, Frank Lenz started a bicycle tour around the world. He never finished, and his ultimate fate remains uncertain, though there are pretty solid clues indicating how he met his end.

Original Air Date: May 17, 2018

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welcome to stuff you missed in history class from house storks.com [Music] hello and welcome to the podcast I’m Tracy b Wilson and I’m hly fry today we have a podcast that I have started on and then stopped maybe five times in the last five years uh but we’re coming up on the 400th anniversary so it kind of feels like I need to do it now or never we could do this in another hundred years yeah we would be so old Holly we would be robots we would be able to really tell history from a a live perspective though yeah so this is the much requested defenestrations of Prague and just to set a little expectation the the actual defenestrating does not take that much time time it’s a pretty simple story defrate just means to throw out of a window and it’s from the Latin word fenestra for window apart from sounding like it’s the punchline to a joke about dicts there’s been a surprising amount of throwing people out of Windows and check history and almost all of it has been connected to religious wars so we’re going to talk through all that today hooray uh the first defenestration of PR took place almost 100 years before the start of the Protestant Reformation but it stemmed from the same kinds of reforms and conflicts that were part of the Reformation Yan hus was a Bohemian religious reformer who was born around 1370 and his religious work overlapped the Western Schism which was a huge dispute within the Roman Catholic Church here’s how this dispute started barolo Pano was elected Pope in 1378 he became became Pope Urban v 6 and he had been elected in part because for about 70 years all of the popes had been French and the papacy had been headquartered in Avenel Romans started calling for a Roman Pope or at least an Italian one they were tired of all these French popes and before his election Pano had been serving as the Archbishop of the Italian city of Bari so he satisfied the Romans demands for at least an Italian Pope but Urban v 6 was hard to get along with he constantly bued heads with the Cardinals who had become very powerful during all those Decades of French popes so the cardinals elected one of their own as Pope Robert of Geneva who became Clement the 7th while Urban I 6th was Pope from Rome Clement I 7th was Pope from Aenon and Clement I 7th is regarded as an antipope which is the term for someone who makes a competing claim to the legitimately elected Pope the election of Clement II spawned a long series of popes and anti-popes and various kingdoms and communities sided with one or the other of them this wasn’t at all the first time in history that there had been an anti-pe but this whole competing string of them and the disputes among the various States about which one was legitimate stretched on for the better part of 60 years the Western Schism really damaged the Catholic Church’s reputation it also undermined the idea of the Pope as the supreme authority so as the church’s power and authority were weakening movements for reform which had existed for almost as long as the church had started to become a lot more vocal one of these reformers was Yan Milich who established Bethlehem Chapel in Prague Bethlehem Chapel became prague’s most popular church and it conducted services in Czech instead of in Latin starting in 1402 Yan hus was in charge of the chapel both as the preacher and as an administrator and the chapel also became home to a national Reform movement and who’s became a leader in that movement as well in 1409 Petro fgos was elected Pope becoming Alexander V he was intended to replace two competing popes that was Gregory I 12th and Benedict the 13th but neither Gregory nor Benedict stepped down when Alexander was elected so instead of one popee there were three this made things a lot more complicated for Yan hus and his followers who supported Alexander but higher Church officials in Bohemia still recognize the authority of Gregory and at this point things had already been difficult for the reform movements that who’s was part of English Theologian John whitecliffe and his followers who were known as the laws had been influential in the Bohemian movement but a lot of w Cliff’s teachings had been condemned as heretical some of the movement’s members had also been accused of heresy and then some of them recanted their views this left who’s without anybody to back him up he was accused of heresy as well although at first he wasn’t prosecuted for it eventually Pope Alexander was bribed to ban preaching in private chapels including Bethlehem Chapel but H refused to stop his work he was excommunicated and once again charged with heresy uh I was talking to a friend of mine who’s a history teacher about this whole thing and she was like I wish yanus had been good at giving compliment sandwiches like some of the other people who didn’t wind up accused of heresy because he was just like 100% on fire all the time so then when he refused to stop preaching the entire city of Prague was punished as long as he kept doing his work none of its citizens would be allowed to receive communion or to be buried on Catholic church grounds finally the Council of constant was assembled to resolve the issue of the three competing popes and end the Western Schism and to deal with Yan hus the council began in November of 1414 and hus was summoned to appear under a letter of safe conduct but even though the safe conduct promise was supposed to keep him from harm hus was tried for heresy and convicted he was burned at the stake on July 6th 14 195 after H’s martyrdom Nobles in both Bohemia and Moravia protested what had happened they wrote letters to the council and they offered their protection to people who were being persecuted for their religious beliefs who’s followers and other likeminded reformers became known as the hites these events sparked a massive movement in Bohemia a century before the start of the Protestant Reformation the hites were using a Czech language liturgy in instead of a Latin one they were also administering communion to lay people using both Bread and Wine when Catholic Services reserved wine only for the clergy one branch of the hites were the utraquists whose name means both kinds I had no idea this dispute about receiving communion in one kind or both kinds was even a thing my entire upbringing as a Methodist the dispute was there wasn’t even a dispute there was a discussion that was more about whether to use bread that had been made or communion Wafers and whether it was okay to have grape juice or wine like one kind or both kinds did not even factor into it this finally though brings us to throwing people out of Windows in Prague in 1419 the city’s magistrates were holding several utraquists prisoner and in retaliation a group of hites broke into the new town hall on July 30th and they threw several city council members and other officials out of the windows some of these people were killed and the king wies I fourth died not long after this now this might be apocryphal but a number of sources say that he died of outrage because of this defenestration or maybe of a heart attack or a stroke that was brought on by his anger over it I feel like the word defenestration is like such a a nice convoluted way to say we did something really barbaric we threw them out the windows it’s a complicated word that sounds like an important and uh you know not violent thing but in fact it’s tossing people out of Windows uh anyway this first defenestration of Prague is usually marked as the first violent incident in The Hite Wars which spanned from 1419 to 1436 when LA’s successor as king of bohemia was his half brother Holy Roman Emperor sigismund who was vehement anti- hussite there’s actually some debate about what his role was but he was the person who had promised yanus safe conduct to the Council of constant and he was suspiciously absent during the trial and execution even though the hussites had huge support all over Bohemia sisman took a violent stand against them going so far as to seek a papal bull from Pope Martin I proclaiming an anti-h hussite Crusade the hites fought back against not only this Crusade but also against another one that followed it peace talks began in 1431 at the Council of Basel in 1433 a delegation of hites spent three months there talking about the four core freedoms they wanted known as the four articles of Prague these were the freedom to preach and worship as they wished communion in both kinds punishment of mortal Sinners and that the clergy should observe a vow of poverty and the church should not hold property this was actually the more moderate set of Demands the hites had split into two main factions the utraquists and the taborites the taborites were a lot more radical and they had gone so far as to establish their own city with the hope of putting all of their beliefs into practice there so when the Council of Basil granted the hites communion in both kinds the utrs were satisfied but the terorists were not so then the utraquists joined forces with the cathol to defeat the torist in 1434 it was still about two more years before the Catholics and the utraquists finally finished their negotiations for peace and while there were still schisms and incidents of persecution they stayed mostly peaceful between the Catholics and the hites for almost 200 years and Yan hus and his work went on to inspire other reformers including Martin Luther there was another window throwing incident in 1483 when a Catholic mayor was thrown out of a window of the Oldtown Hall but that’s not what people are usually talking about when they say the second defenestration of Prague we will get to that one after a quick sponsor [Music] break as we said earlier in the show the first defenestration of Prague took place about a hundred years before the start of the Protestant Reformation the second one took place about a 100 years after on May 23rd 1618 but we have to back up a little bit to make sense of it the Protestant Reformation caused huge social and political upheaval in Bohemia just like it did elsewhere in Europe at the time Bohemia was ruled by a collection of Estates that formed the Bohemian diet the three Estates were the Lords the knights and the burgers and in 1575 the king and Holy Roman Emperor maximilan II of the House of Habsburg had promised the Estates that he would tolerate at least some religious diversity maximillian’s promise didn’t really account for all of the religious diversity in Bohemia though he had promised to tolerate denominations that accepted the Bohemian confession of 1575 this was more formally the confession of holy Christian faith of all three Estates and it was an attempt to create a confession of faith that most people in Bohemia could agree to the Bohemian confession was patterned after the 1530 confession of alburg which is the primary confession of faith in the Lutheran Church and its goal was to try to satisfy everyone or at least as many people as possible with one document that Bohemia could then formally recognize as the official acceptable statement of faith it was intended to create a framework for a peaceful coexistence among the religions the three major churches in Bohemia at the time were the Roman Catholic Church the utraquists and the unius fratrum or Unity of Brethren both the utraquist and the unius fratrum had Hite roots and today the unius fratrum is the Moravian Church there were also lutherans and other Protestants in Bohemia but they existed in much smaller numbers the Bohemian confession included things that each of these religions wanted it also avoided material that would be considered unacceptable for one or more of them so for example it mentioned all of the observances that the various churches found to be sacraments but because the Lutheran considered baptism and communion to be the only sacraments those were the only two that were specifically mentioned as sacraments while maximilan II expressed his support for the Bohemian confession he didn’t formally implement it before dying in 1575 it was his son and successor Rudolph II who finally made it official Rudolph signed a do doent known as the letter of majesty on July 9th 16009 the letter of majesty granted all religions that accepted the Bohemian confession freedom to worship the letter of majesty didn’t come from a benevolent desire for Religious Freedom though and Rudolph wasn’t even consistent about upholding it after he signed it in 16008 his brother Arch Duke Matias had invaded part of bohemia after trying to force Rudolph to abdicate this so-called feud between the Habs ber brothers gave the Protestant Estates some leverage over Rudolph they agreed to be loyal to him in exchange for their religious freedom so once this letter was signed Bohemia was still officially Roman Catholic but other religions so long as they followed that confession had the right to worship freely on the same day that Rudolph signed the letter of majesty Catholics and the Protestants in Bohemia also signed an agreement that laid out the details of this freedom and how they would interact with each other for example if a member of one of the higher Estates wanted to install an utraquist priest on his land he could and if an utraquist lived in a Catholic parish and was attending church and tithing he could be buried in the parish Cemetery without having to seek any kind of special permission but otherwise Catholics and utraquists would not be buried in one another’s graveyards so after this Catholics and most of the Protestants coexisted most ly peacefully in Bohemia for the next few years although the utraquist church gradually faded away as more people became Luan but this didn’t really help Rudolph stay on the throne he wound up seeding Bohemia to his brother maias in 1611 and the Mesi Matias became the Holy Roman Emperor in 1612 Rudolph had been less tolerant of religious descent than their father Maximillian had and mathas was less tolerant than his brother Rudolph had been in 1617 the Archbishop of Prague ordered Protestant chapels that were being built in the towns of brov and prob to be closed this went directly against the freedoms that were guaranteed in the letter of majesty but even so Matias upheld the decision to close the chapel not long after that Matias was succeeded by his cousin Ferdinand II and Ferdinand was devoutly Catholic he was a major figure in the Catholic Counter Reformation and Ferdinand wanted to make Bohemia a strictly Catholic country he started appointing a lot of staunch Catholics to his Council in response to all of this Protestants in Prague called an assembly there they put two Catholic Regents William savada and yaroslav martinic on trial this assembly found the men guilty of violating the letter of majesty and then on May 23rd both of them along with their secretary fabricus were thrown out the window of the Prague Council assembly room about 50 ft that’s roughly 15 MERS off the ground fortunately they landed in a giant pile of horse manure so none of the three men were seriously harmed and Catholic supporters saw this as miraculous evidence of divine intervention I will keep my giggling to myself on that one I mean it is funnier funnier than the other defenestration where people died these guys just landed in horse poop which would be gross but they weren’t seriously hurt right it’s the the miracle of of horse manure that makes it funny but this window throwing incident is marked as the start of a Bohemian revolt against Ferdinand II which then grew into the 30 Years War and we’re going to talk more about that after we have another quick sponsor [Music] break the 30 Years War was so long complicated and convoluted that it’s not really possible to do a play-by-play of it in just the last third of our show today it would not be possible to do it in a full episode or even a two-parter it would take an entire podcast a new podcast that would be only about the 30 Years War and it would take 30 years to do it because uh a lot of when you watch lectures and read books about this a word that comes up over and over to describe it is exhausting all of the parties involved had their own motivations and their own objectives in going to war in some places it was a Civil War and in other places it wasn’t some of the states that were involved entered the fry after they had already been at war with each other for years before that bled over into the greater conflict all of these various actors had their own things going on the whole thing was so far-reaching and convoluted that a lot of historians describe it as mult multiple different Wars rather than one 30 Years War it has so many branches it’s it really is hard it’s kind of like an amoeba like you can’t contain it in one thing it just keeps expanding in different directions it’s a lot and it did start out mostly about religion the Holy Roman Empire was Roman Catholic and had been ruled by members of the Catholic House of Habsburg since 1440 whether the Empire tolerated religious diversity depended on who was Emperor but the Empire itself wasn’t one monolithic entity it was a huge hodgepodge of overlapping semi-autonomous States and whether those States tolerated religious diversity also depended on who was ruling them regardless of how tolerant the individual rulers were for the most part they had the right to decree which religion the people should follow and this idea had been set down in the piece of Augsburg on September 25th 1555 five the pece of Augsburg was an agreement between the Holy Roman Empire and the German states some of which were catholic and some of which were Lutheran it put an end to Violent conflict between all of these different entities the piece of alburg included the idea of kuus Regio U religio or who rule his religion in other words whoever ruled could choose the religion of the state Lutheran or Catholic those were really the only two options in this particular agreement this basic idea was still in play in Germany by the time the Catholic Regents were thrown out the window in Bohemia and even though the Peace of alburg was between the Empire and the German states the same basic idea was followed in other parts of the Holy Roman Empire as well and that was one of the things that led to this war under the Peace of alburg the ruler was supposed to decide the religion but people didn’t necessarily want to follow the religion that their ruler did religion also played a huge part in the relationships among the various rulers and the kingdoms and the states that they controlled both within and outside of the Holy Roman Empire in Germany the Catholic and Protestant States each formed their own military alliances the Protestant Union was first formed in 16008 and eventually it had England the Dutch Republic and Sweden as allies the Catholic League was formed in 16009 in response and the Catholic League was allied with the habsburgs so all these alliances were already in place by the defenestration of Prague in 1618 and for the next two years the mostly Protestant Bohemian Estates fought against the Catholic holy Roman Empire in 1620 Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II and the Catholic League defeated Frederick V king of bohemia at the Battle of White Mountain and as numerous historians have noted the war could have ended there Ferdinand was not satisfied with having only crushed the Bohemian Revolt though in 1621 he started rounding up and executing Rebel leaders in Prague he ordered the remaining Protestants to either be exiled or to convert and soon Britain Denmark and the Dutch Republic had all entered the war for about 10 years the Catholics still had the upper hand but then Sweden joined on the Protestant side in 1630 and the Protestants rallied for about 4 years then in 1634 a Spanish Army defeated the main force from Sweden once again giving the Catholic side the advantage that’s when France a Catholic country joined the freight on the Protestant side from France’s point of view it was more important to resist the habsburgs and the empire in Spain than to stay on the same side as all the other Catholic States and then from here on out the 30 Years War became more and more about territory and politics while becoming less and less directly about religion over time the major Powers began hiring mercenaries to supplement their armies and there were atrocities on all sides one of the war’s most infamous incidents was the massacre of magur when the Empire and the Catholic League sacked the Protestant city of magur and killed about 20,000 civilians fighting on the Catholic side were a mercenary light infantry know as the croats who became the Fighting Force most often associated with the war although some of the croats were Croatian at the time this was more of a generic word for the type of light Cavalry that they were in its actual members were from other ethnic groups as well and it’s also where the word creat comes from after a French word for the scarves that they wore as part of their uniforms all of the major powers in Western Europe were ultimately involved in in the 30 Years War and there was fighting in their American colonies as well but a disproportionate amount of the fighting took place in Germany and this led to colossal losses for Germany as much as 20% of the German population was killed and this was not just losses from Battle as troops moved from one place to another they commandeered food and other resources and a lot of the time they just left people to starve disease also spread rapidly along with the armies there was never really a concrete winner of this drawn out complicated conflict peace talks went on at the congregation of West phalia for more than 5 Years From 1643 to 1648 negotiations took place in the west philan towns of moonster and enbrook and they involved 200 different rulers and thousands of other officials the only European powers not involved were the Ottoman Empire England Poland and Russia first they spent six months just on matters of procedure like who was going to sit where and who had precedence when entering the room from there negotiations started by addressing issues that were specific to Germany more International Peace negotiations took place from October 1645 to April of 1646 and for most of the rest of it the negotiations were about religion the war didn’t stop during the peace talks though uh they kept going on with all the fighting and during the later years France was act actively trying to undermine the peace talks because some of the terms that had been agreed to were going to leave it vulnerable to attack from Spain the war finally ended with the Peace of West filia which redistributed a lot of territory in Europe basically redrawing the map it also recognized the United provinces of the Netherlands and the Swiss Confederate ation as independent republics and it confirmed and expanded on the Peace of alburg adding Calvinism to the list of tolerated religions so at least in theory Lutheran Calvinists and Catholics could all worship freely and those were the three primary religions in Europe at the time but Austrian territory wasn’t included in this religious freedom and the Peace of Westphalia also didn’t recognize The Hite religions that we talked about in earlier parts of the show they weren’t Lutheran calvinist or Catholic so they continued to not be recognized as allowable religions and their members continued to face religious persecution throughout this war military forces in Europe got much bigger even before the widespread use of mercenaries all of the major European powers also got a lot of administrative experience managing these ever increasing militaries they applied that Newfound knowledge to governance these Loosely connected groups of semi-autonomous political units that had been part of the Holy Roman Empire started to coales into the Nations as we think of them today this is connected to another element of the Peace of West philia the agreements recognized the sovereignty of all the member states of the Holy Roman Empire the Peace of West philia gave each one the right to negotiate with the others on their own behalf as long as that wouldn’t somehow damage the Holy Roman Empire and this was a massive change it set the stage for today’s International model of independent nations that are all at least on paper equal on the world stage I mean different nations obviously have different amounts of power and wealth but the bigger countries aren’t getting multiple votes in the UN just because they’re bigger it’s not how it works the idea that nation states have exclusive sovereignty over their own territory and have equal rights to to that sovereignty is even called West failan sovereignty the power structure within these nations also changed although Nations continued to have official religions those religions had less political power a monarchy might still be rooted in the idea that the Monarch had a Divine Right To Rule and the law might still have a heavy religious influence religious persecution still existed but it was far less common for the church and the state to be essentially the same almost Inseparable thing and of course there was still plenty of War to go around after the Peace of West faia France and Spain continued to be actively at war with each other from the time the treaty was signed until 1659 they hadn’t been able to actually negotiate with each other much during the peace talks in West faia because they couldn’t agree on the protocol to do it so in all those six months of negotiations about who sat where and who got to come into the room first France and Spain could not get it together multiple other War also started in the years after this treaty but they tended to be more about territory trade resources and colonialism than specifically and directly about religion and all of that started with three people being thrown out a window along with the hundreds of years of religious Warfare that happened before that so other people have also been thrown out of Windows in Prague since the second defenestration but none of them is really considered to be an official third one the most widely known is the death of yan masarik on March 10th 1948 he was the son of TG Masari the first president of the czechoslovak Republic and he was the only non-communist member of that government he was found beneath a window at the czechoslovak Ministry of Foreign Affairs and it’s not clear whether he fell jumped or was thrown out of that window and on that upbeat note what you got cooking and listen list her mail I have some mail that goes back to our episode about the Bisby deportations and this is from Francesca who says Dear Holly and Tracy my name is Franchesca and I just started listening to the podcast not too long ago but I’ve been really enjoying it I had to write in after listening to the podcast on the Bisby deportations I lived in Arizona for a little while as a child and had visited Bisby several times but I never knew that deportations had even happened so it was interesting to learn something about an area I’ve actually been to my main reason for writing is to comment on something you mentioned briefly you mentioned that the mining industry was starting to shift over to more open pit mining at that point my father is a geologist she goes on to talk about her father working for a company that was actually owned by Phelps Dodge she goes on to say even in the 90s when they were when we were living there the company owned the houses much like they did at Bisby and there was a company store there wasn’t a hospital there but there was a clinic for anything and then for anything more severe you had to go to Stafford which was about an hour away if I’m remembering right I don’t remember a lot about it since we lived there when I was six to eight years old but I did have the chance to go on a mine tour when my grandparents visited which my father arranged you have no idea of the scale of the operation there and it was neat to be able to see a part of what my father did for his job was cool to hear Phelps Dodge mentioned in this podcast since that’s a company I haven’t heard of since my father left them in 1999 to work for a different company so thank you for the fascinating history lesson and a blast from the past sincerely Franchesca thank you Franchesca for writing this email to us I also wanted to mention on a number of occasions that are a mystery to me instead of calling the iww the industrial workers of the world which as its is its name I typed into the outline the completely incorrect word International it is not called the international workers of the world it is the industrial workers of the world and a couple of people who have pointed that out mentioned that it’s a common mistake which uh I don’t quite understand how it’s a common mistake because it makes the name sort of redundant to say the international workers of the world so anyway I apologize for making that er error that either I read somewhere and just absorbed incorrectly or just typed the completely wrong word in the outline either way if you would like to write to us about this or any other podcast we’re at History Podcast at howstuffworks.com we’re also on uh Facebook and Twitter and Instagram and Pinterest all of those that missed in history you can come to our website which is Miss andis.com you’ll find the show notes for all the episodes that Holly and I have worked on together you will find a searchable Archive of every episode we have ever done and you can find And subscribe to our podcasts on Apple podcast Google Play and wherever else you get podcasts for more on this and thousands of other topics visit hous storks.com [Music]