Jeux Olympiques de Munich : un duplex pour chaque étudiant !

C’est la suite de notre saison spéciale Jeux Olympiques ! 🏅🏅 Pour ce dixième épisode (déjà!) on vous emmène en plein cœur du village olympique de Munich 🇩🇪 pour découvrir une résidence étudiante réalisée par Werner Wirsing : l’Olydorf, où chaque étudiant a droit à une petite maison en duplex ! 🏠🤩

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00:00 Intro
00:47 Munich sélectionnée
01:36 La ville de Munich
02:18 L’Oberwiesenfeld
03:39 Les installations olympiques
04:59 Les réseaux de transport
06:19 L’Olympiapark
07:58 Le village olympique
09:39 Werner Wirsing, architecte
11:48 La cité étudiante
12:32 Morphologie, implantation
14:02 Distribution, accès
14:22 Espaces publics
15:22 Les façades
16:14 Les logements d’origine
17:52 Tina, habitante du D20
19:29 La reconstruction de l’Olydorf
21:00 La nouvelle cellule
22:35 Oumaima, habitante du T15
23:50 Conclusion

Hello everyone, it’s the sequel of our special Olympic Games season ! Following Rome in 1960, we now take you the Germany of the 1970s, welcome in this tenth episode of The New Program ! Today it’s in Munich, capital of Bavaria, that I take you. Behind me, let me introduce yout to the student city of Oberwiesenfeld, better known as Olydorf one of the most surprising and original legacies of the 1972 Olympic Games. April 26, 1966: Munich is selected to host the twentieth Olympic Games. Haunted by the horrific memory of the 1936 Berlin Olympic Games and the atrocities of World War II that followed, the country was eager to reconcile with the international community and present a new image of itself. This would be a welcome opportunity for the young BRD, or Federal Republic of Germany to establish itself as a trustworthy and peaceful nation. Keep in mind that we were in the middle of the Cold War, and that Germany had been divided for nearly 20 years. To the east, in the communist DDR, or German Democratic Republic, the city of Berlin was itself divided into two parts. Mais les jeux de 72 se déroulent à l’ouest : en République Fédérale d’Allemagne, ou RFA. Located in southern Germany, Munich is the capital of the "Free State of Bavaria," one of 16 states in the current federal system. Bisected by the Isar River, a tributary of the Danube, the city covers more than 310 square kilometers — about 3 times the area of Paris. It has a population of 1.6 million — nearly double, if you count the entire metropolitan area. The Bavarian capital’s ambition was to create a green and compact area for the Games. The city intended to concentrate the Olympic facilities as much as possible on a site that it had been waiting to develop for nearly 20 years: Located approximately 4 km northwest of the historic center, at that time Oberwiesenfeld was still on the outskirts of the city. Initially used as a military training ground, Oberwiesenfeld was Munich’s first airfield. It was established in 1909 and remained until 1939. After the war, rubble from the ruins of the city, which had been 45% destroyed were piled on Oberwiesenfeld. The rubble created an artificial hill, more than 50 meters high, on terrain that had been entirely flat. It would be errected at the south end of Oberwiesenfeld, which had been bisected by the canal of the Nymphenburg Palace since the 18th century. urrounded by major industrial sites, such as the BMW plant to the west and a gasworks to the east, the site was immense: nearly 3 km long and almost 2 km wide, covering an area of 280 hectares (692 acres.) The city of Munich had been wanting to turn Oberwiesenfeld into a sports and recreation area since 1948. But not until 1965, at the start of construction of a 300 meter tall television tower, did the project for a large sports complex begin to take shape.. This sports complex, in the end, would not be built, but the design served as a support/ foundation for Munich’s bid to host the Olympic Games. Nevertheless, in spite of being very well-designed, Oberwiesenfeld would not prove large enough on its own to contain 195 different sports events! Sports in need of a great amount of space would be located on the periphery of the city, including a regatta course more than 2 km long. In addition, two sites would host sports that required only minor and temporary construction: archery in the English Garden and dressage in the park of the Nymphenburg Palace. Lastly, the city would take advantage of the existing pavillions of its Exhibition Center, located next to the Oktoberfest site. These would serve as training and competition venues; an additional hall would be constructed, as well as a basketball stadium one kilometer away. But Oberwiesenfeld would be the focal point of the Games. However, having a site capable of accomodating the games isn’t enough: you still have to be able to get there! And in 1966, the city’s public transportation infrastructure was woefully insufficient. The arrival of the Olympic Games would give it a major boost. The city rapidly constructed a boulevard/ a road surrounding the historical center, which, moreover, included pedestrian zones. A highway — the "Mittlerring" — would also access the Oberwiesenfeld, crossing right through the middle, with an additional section continuing along its west side. After the inauguration of Munich’s first metro line in 1971, the said "Olympic line", which accessed Oberwiesenfeld directly, would be opened in May, 1972, just three months before the start of the games. And that’s not all : the completion of a tunnel linking Munich’s two main train stations suddenly made it possible to create a vast network of regional trains, including a direct line to the Olympic Center. Now that Oberwiesenfeld was accessible, it just needed to be developed. On February 1st, 1967, Germany launched one of the largest competitions the country had ever held in order to determine the development of the Olympic Complex on Oberwiesenfeld. The expectation was clear: avoid monumentality and demonstrate through architecture that the BRD is a free, generous, and open nation. Of the 104 proposals, the committee selected the one submitted by Günter Behnisch and his partners. Their project involved placing the buildings in basins carved into the ground, which gave them a more human scale, and covering them with a continuous, tent-like roof. They modeled the structure on the German Pavillion, which had opened the same year at the Montreal World’s Fair., Placed under a giant tent designed by Frei Otto, this pavillion projected an image of extreme modernity, which Behnisch’s team hoped to develop on a larger scale. This entirely new architectural language expressed transparency, restraint, and simplicity– a kind of "non-architecture" seeking to become one with the natural surroundings and create its own landscape. The sports complex was situated at the heart/ in the middle of an ungated park designed in collaboration with Günther Grzimek. This urban space, which since then has been adopted by Munich residents, is the: The buildings were all placed on the north side of the canal, and the riverbed was altered to form an artificial lake at the foot of the hill. To the west of the television tower, an elevated plaza forms the center of Olympia Park. The 80,000 seat Stadium, the Olympic Hall, and the Olympic swimming pool are situated around the square, and their roofs meet at the entrance to each building. The other facilities were distributed around the entire Oberwiesenfeld and beyond an existing aquatics center was used and a press center was constructed. Finally, the Olympic Village would be constructed in the northern part of Oberwiesenfeld, on the other side of the Mittlerring. Along Lerchenauer Strasse, across from the BMW site and its museum that was built specially for the Games, the Olympic Village conceived by Erwin Heinle and Robert Wischer has three sections: high buildings alternate with low ones, connected by abundant green space. Divided into male and female housing, the Village is accessed by the Helene-Mayer-Ring were are located shops, facilities and hotels. From there, three streets pass through the Village. These streets are covered by pedestrian walkways, whereby the entire Olympic Village is car-free. The buildings containing the 3000 apartments in the men’s section alone vary considerably by type: they range from small dwellings with a patio to 14-floor apartment buildings. Most of them take form of terraced buildings whose wide balconies have railings topped with planter boxes. The village is criss-crossed by Hans Hollein’s media lines, whose color helps provide orientation in the Olympic Village, Called in Germain: Usually abbreviated to: A total of 12,000 people, athletes, coaches and assistants, will be housed at the Olympic Village. Whereas the men share the apartments we’ve just seen — up to 7 people per apartment — the women have the luxury of individual apartments in a series of buildings designed by Günther Eckert and Werner Wirsing. Born on March 14, 1919, in Gemünden am Main, a small town in the the north of Bavaria, Werner Wirsing arrived in Munich at the age of 9, after the death of his father. The following year, in 1929, he joined the "Bund Neudeutschland", a Catholic youth movement through which he traveled to Stuttgart. There, at the age of 12, he discovered the Weissenhof district, a showcase of avant-garde architecture. But, in 1933, the movement was banned and modern art prohibited. Wirsing was 14 years old, determined to become an architect. He enlisted in the army, although all he really wanted to do was study. Not until 1946 was Werner Wirsing finally able to enroll in the Architecture department at the Technical University of Munich. But at age 27, Wirsing felt he was too old to study, and decided to seek work as soon as possible. In 1948, one year before graduating, Wirsing was offered the opportunity to undertake his first project: the Massmanplatz Student and Young Worker Residence, which he developed in collaboration with Grete Ferber. The following year, the two would found their own firm and get married. This project would mark the beginning of a career primarily focused on minimalist housing and student residences. In 1955, Werner Wirsing met Günther Eckert, with whom he designed the Internationales Haus student estate, a collaboration that the two architects would soon continue at Oberwiesenfeld. In 1961, well before Munich’s bid host the Olympic Games, the "Studentenwerk" (Student Affairs Office) commissioned Günter Eckert and Werner Wirsing to design a student residence on the Oberwiesenfeld. But the project, which had been slow to materialize, took an unexpected turn when Munich was selected. The architects were therefore obliged to abandon a large part of their project in order to adapt it to the master plan of the Olympic Village. Becoming the women’s village just for the Olympics, their "student city", composed of nearly 2,000 housing, were organized in three sections. They have since then been entirely renovated: this is To the east, an apartment block consisting of 801 studios formed a vertical residence conceived by Günther Eckert. He also created the athletes’ canteen, which has become the community center for student services. To the north, Werner Wirsing designed 118 apartments for married students, which were located in a number of terraced buildings. These overlook the 800 other student housing units that he assembled into a horizontal city. Günther Eckert focused on designing a kind of "student skyscraper", which he did. Wirsing, in contrast, wanted to build housing close to the ground, inspired by the work of the Austrian architect, Roland Rainer, whom he visited. Werner Wirsing’s Student City, which stretches across 300 meters, is composed of 66 micro-buildings strictly aligned from west to east. They form a tight web that rises scarcely more than 4 meters above the ground The depth of the buildings, while 8.5 meters at the base, is reduced to 5.25 meters on the upper story. The series of balconies running the length of the building are separated by partitions perpendicular to the facades, and each unit is allocated a terrace. Each building consists of from 4 to 24 apartments placed back to back. Arranged in rows of limited length, maximum 50 meters, the buildings are staggered with respect to one another in order to avoid monotony. With the intention of balancing individual lodging and community life, Werner Wirsing conceived these units as genuine tiny townhouses. They are, in fact, now referred to as bungalows, earning the totality the nickname. Bungalowdorf — or Bungalow Village As with a regular house, each unit is in direct contact with the public space. The buildings open onto alleyways 2.3 meters wide, whose narrowness creates an intimate character, facing one another. The alleyways are organized from A to X, and the apartments are numbered from south to north. The alleyways then intersect with wider passages on the diagonal which, covered by pergolas, provide a variety of perspectives throughout the neighborhood. The resulting offsets produced by this framework produces a multitude of small plazas, thereby expanding the interior environment by means of collective spaces. Finally, a normal size street passes through the neighborhood from one side to the other. Lined with bike shelters and mailboxes, this street reveals its most urban character at the centrally located Marienplatz. Named after Munich’s main square, where the City Hall is located, Marienplatz is the central site of Olydorf. As well as being an essential meeting point, Marienplatz also contains a kiosk available to the student associations. Here, they can also borrow equipment for painting the building’s facades. Covered in murals painted by the students themselves, Olydorf’s facades are a veritable open air gallery. More than simply permitting this activity, the Studentwerk encourages the residents to take ownership of their facades, as was the intention of the architect: namely, to allow everyone to express themselves through their dwelling quarters. The students are also invited to place plants at the base of the facades, where strips of gravel have been laid. At one time, they were allowed to plant more lush vegetation, which no longer exists. This is because the buildings we now find in Bungalowdorf are not entirely the same as those that were constructed for the Olympic Games! In fact, as we later will see why, only three of the original buildings still remain today! Designed and built between 1968 and 1972, the original buildings consisted of prefabricated concrete panels, which were then assembled at the construction site. In no time at all, they were able to create a living-sleeping-study cube measuring around 4m on each side, 4.20m at the centre-to-centre distance of the walls, with 21m² of living space, which could easily be replicated. The front door was placed in the center of the facade, together with a window measuring 60 cm per side. This door led to a small entry with, on one side, a closet illuminated by the square window and, a rather unusual bathroom. This bathroom took the form of a module created entirely in plastic, which integrated all the fixtures into one single piece: this was the "wet block" designed by Günther Eckert. The entry was separated from the living quarters by a partition painted in one of the Olympic colors. This partition helped create the ambiance of the ground floor, which was outfitted with modular furniture, including a sofa-bed designed specially for the occasion. Set against the bathroom wall was a kitchenette containing a folding table for meals. The third step of a wooden staircase doubled as a seat for the student. Above this 16m² ground floor, a loft added nearly 5m² more space for studying open to a a 6m² terrace via a full-width window which provided light to the housing throughout its double height. Constructed a bit too quickly in order to be ready for the Olympic Games, the Bungalowdorf buildings unfortunately deteriorated prematurely, rendering them obsolete only 35 years after they were built. In 2006, the architects of the Bogevischs Buero — Ritz Ritzer and Rainer Hoffman, who had lived in Olydorf as a student, were invited to resolve this complex issue. In order to proceed with maximum care, the architects even invited Werner Wirsing, now 87 years old, to participate in the project. After researching various solutions, it became clear that meticulously renovating each building would be much too expensive. With the agreement of Werner Wirsing, the Studentenwerk and the architects of Bogevischs Buero eventually decided to demolish Bungalowdorf and rebuild it nearly identically! Nearly, that is, because, in order to meet the high demand for student housing, the architects’ objective would be to increase the density! But in order to do so, Ritzer, Hofmann, and Wirsing would have to comply with three conditions imposed by the office of historical monuments. First, the urban characteristics of the neighborhood must be strictly adhered to. Secondly, regardless of the densification, the length and height aspects of the buildings would not be permitted to change in any substantive way. And, lastly, the buildings would need to be constructed as they had been originally: with prefabricated elements made of exposed concrete. The architects’ solution was to reduce the unit’s centre-to-centre distance to 3.15m, within which they were then able to obtain 18m² of living space by eliminating the double height. The entry door was shifted to the side while, in order to compensate for the reduced light, the window was enlarged, and a second, rectangular window was added. The windows, which could be tinted from the inside for more privacy, became a kind of display case for the students adding another element of customization to the facade paintings. Inside, the bathroom was moved to the back of the unit, along with the kitchenette, which was partially embedded in it. The space under the staircase, which had become narrower, was now used for storage, whereas the ceiling height of 2.1 meters was raised a bit. The upper floor, which was now conceived of as a bedroom providing a more flexible furniture arrangement, was separated from the staircase by a thick partition creating a bookcase The only unchanged element remained the access to a broad balcony. The demolition of the old buildings, which began in July, 2008, was immediately followed by construction of the new ones, a project which would continue until May, 2010. A mock-up was displayed in the neighborhood, attracting the curiosity of the residents who, since then, have basically taken ownership of the dwellings. The Olydorf project, which has been decided well ahead of the Olympic Games, was completed soon enough to house students a semester before the start of the Games. Opened August 26,1972, The Olympic Games, which were to be a celebration of peace, would end tragically tainted by a hostage crisis. This grim history is not, however, the subject of this video. The active participation of the Olydorf residents, which was encouraged since the beginning, is what would turn this student housing into an exceptional place. The strength of Werner Wirsing’s project was this sustainable concept, which has been replicated twice. The architect, who completed hundreds of student residences (but not only) in the course of his career, would live to see his work recognized and honored by numerous awards. The architect passed away after a long illness on July 29, 2017, at the age of 98. His project remains one of the essential points of interest in Munich’s Olympic Village, located at the heart of an Olympic Park that has become a symbol of the city and is now a candidate for classification to UNESCO. And here we end our Munich episode, the second in our European tour of cities that hosted the Olympic Games during the second half of the 20th century. If you haven’t already done so, please watch our previous episode on the 1960 Olympics. You’ll discover an amazing building conceived by Pier Luigi Nervi. Let us know in the comments what you think of our season debut! And, of course, please subscribe to our channel so that you won’t miss the next episode! Please share this video and support us on Tipeee in exchange, we’ll send you stickers designed my Mina Mala! As for me, I’ll see you in 1992, to explore Barcelona Olympic games for the next episode of The New Program ! Sous-titres en anglais : Ruth Rainero (traduction) Mayerly Lema Valdez (mise en forme)