＃尼采＃现代文化的危机＃悲剧的诞生＃苏格拉底＃世界观的转变＃科学理性＃基督教＃道德的双重起源＃主人道德＃奴隶道德＃现代性的起源＃真实世界观 ＃上帝已死＃永恒回归 ＃末人＃超人＃权力意志
0:00 现代文化的危机
2:04 悲剧的诞生
3:37 苏格拉底
5:09 世界观的转变
7:03 道德的双重起源
9:30 现代的起源
10:58 上帝已死
11:40 永恒回归
12:45 末人 超人
13:28 权力意志
Nietzsche was born in 1844. At the age of 26, Prussia won the key battle against France, bringing about political unification and establishing the German Second Reich. The confidence brought by military victory made the Germans mistakenly believe that they were at the peak of their cultural power
. Public opinion also compared Germany and France, believing that German culture was richer than French culture because France was defeated. Contrary to his contemporaries, Nietzsche believed that the German people were in danger because they abused their success. The excessive overestimation of German culture
Had left them The pure concept of culture has been lost. Over the past century, Germans have been immersed in the study of historical knowledge. They mistakenly believe that culture is measured by the amount of knowledge acquired. The result is that they have absorbed a large amount of factual knowledge
And still cannot feel the meaning of life because of the traditional giving . The role of the meaning of life is not knowledge but myth. Myths are oriented towards human psychology and provide humans with a perspective far beyond their limited existence. At the same time, myths are rooted in the collective memory
And historical values of a group and can better unify culture through public myths. It seems that modern people have lost their sense of wonder in life after being overwhelmed by knowledge and reason. They have also lost the ability to use myths to inject meaning into life. Therefore, Nietzsche saw from German culture that
Modern people are on the verge of nihilism. They often ask whether life is worth living. In fact, regarding the question of whether life is worth living, Nietzsche said that the ancient Greeks had already given the answer. The ancient Greeks expressed it in their literary and artistic works very early on
: The best thing for human beings is not to be born at all, and the second is to die as soon as possible. They have long recognized the pain and impermanence of life, but they have not committed collective suicide , nor have they hidden themselves
In some kind of spiritual practice or spiritual practice in the afterlife like other cultures. They also have their own gods , but they will not shirk the responsibility of their fate to them. Because in their mythology, even gods cannot escape the irrational factors of nature. How did the ancient Greeks survive?
They invented tragedy, directly put the misery of life on the stage, observed individual destruction at close range , and then used art to express the terrible inner feelings. Feelings and cognitive sublimation Specifically, when the ancient Greeks watched a tragedy, they would insert themselves into the characters. When the actors on the stage showed
Emotions such as anger and hatred, they would also have these emotions erupting in their hearts out of sympathy . The singing group in the tragedy would These emotions are further amplified through music to create greater shock, allowing the audience to be completely immersed in mythology.
When the audience’s mind is not in themselves, they will enter collective selflessness . At this time, the principle of individuality is broken , the audience will feel that they are integrated with others and even the entire universe. In this state, when the audience faces the tragic hero’s ultimate absurdity of destroying his life
, he will not feel sad but will feel a kind of joy because he no longer feels the pain alone but has merged with the power of the entire universe. Participating in collective destruction and creation as one body, this is the Dionysian spirit advocated by Nietzsche.
The Dionysian spirit gave the ancient Greeks a kind of powerful pessimism, which made them realize that their existence is not limited to individuals, thus affirming life in ancient Greece. , watching tragedy is part of civil life as a public experience, the ancient Greeks shared the meaning of human existence in tragic myths
, ideals of beauty, these concepts established a cultural unity on the basis of myths, Nietzsche regarded the ancient Greek tragedy era as the most important period in Western culture. More than 2,000 years after the glorious period , the entire Western culture began to enter a period of decadence
Because of the emergence of Socrates. In the age of Athens , Socrates saw that aristocratic politicians claimed to be upright but could not define uprightness and only practiced it based on intuition. So Socrates believed that evil Originating from ignorance, if people know what justice is and what beauty is,
They will act according to this standard . In other words, rationality is equal to beauty. Socrates spent his whole life investigating the root cause and asking everywhere. He believed that everything in the world can be explained. If it cannot be explained , it can only be found temporarily. Without an answer,
Ancient Greek tragedy went to death under Socrates’ questioning , because tragedy is based on irrationality. When Greeks watch tragedies, they will not ask whether the myth is true. Why does fate make the protagonist so miserable? They are well aware of the absurdity of existence . Since it is
There is no answer to the absurd fate . Once people ask for the answer and tragedy can provide a satisfactory explanation, it turns out that the tragedy can be avoided, then this sense of absurdity no longer exists . People cannot enter the state of drunkenness and selflessness
Under Socratic cross-examination . To experience the original unity but to enter a level of rational thinking. Beginning with Socrates, Greek aesthetic and ethical beliefs were replaced by dialectics. For Nietzsche, this was a cultural decline. In the era before Socrates, dialectics was in the upper class. Disdainful arguments are the means used by
Those who have no other weapons at their disposal. Socrates’ successful march represents the beginning of the world’s transformation from a worldview of mythology and art to a worldview of rational science. If science can really explain everything, it will bring a better life to mankind. Isn’t this good? Nietzsche is not against science.
What he is against is the worldview formed around science. Science is idolized as science is omnipotent. But in fact, science not only cannot solve problems, but also creates new troubles . For example, science has an important way of thinking analysis . Sexual thinking is to split the whole into individual units.
To understand the whole by understanding the individual units, this method seems reasonable, but it leads to many problems. One of the most famous examples is the atomism of ancient Greece. Atomism assumes that things can be continuously divided until they are small. Until it cannot be divided, this indivisible thing
Constitutes the basic unit of the universe, called an atom. At this time, science has a contradiction. Does this atom have a volume? If not, how can things without a volume form things with a volume? If there is a volume, That means it can still be divided. If this continues,
It will cause the problem of infinite division. Science thinks it can explain the last atom of the universe, but in the end it is trapped by its own logic. From a scientific perspective, things just operate in accordance with certain natural laws and There is no purpose at all.
Science cannot inject meaning into life. Instead, it brings a mechanical world view. Therefore, Nietzsche believes that art is the best way to face life. Nietzsche criticized Socrates for another more important reason. The final result of Socratic culture is the denial of life, because he requires passion,
Body, and emotion to be subordinated to reason. Starting from Socrates , Western culture has oppressed the body to a great extent, creating a weak character. Christianity continues the Socratic culture. Key Features Suppression of physical instincts and inflicting an unhealthy sense of guilt Nietzsche contrasts the different attitudes towards God and sin
In the Christian system before and after Socrates God is the Punisher and the Good One. Humanity suffers and is punished for original sin. This original sin is passed down from generation to generation to this day . In the pre-Socratic Greek system, there were also conflicts between gods . The Greeks believed that
A person’s misfortune was not because of his wrongdoing. What is more , it is because the internal strife between gods has affected the fate of human beings. The Greeks enjoyed the freedom of soul and body. Nietzsche further pointed out that Christianity has not only put a sense of guilt on people
For more than a thousand years , but also reversed the natural value of life . Making the weak weaker and making the strong feel guilty for being strong. To illustrate this point, Nietzsche traced the dual origins of morality. In these two concepts, Christianity completely reversed the meaning of good and evil,
Starting from the origin of aristocracy. Aristocracy is established when a strong and vigorous nation conquers a weaker nation. The stronger then takes away the right to define values. They tend to view strength as good and weakness as incompetence. For example , ancient Greek and Roman societies worshiped war strength and masculinity.
Their early sculptures and artworks were about athletes and warriors, so the first moral judgments made by humans came from aristocrats who valued physical strength, vitality, and health. Nietzsche called this morality master morality. But during the Roman Empire, the moral uprising of slaves began. When Christians were helpless in the face of oppression,
They changed their strategies and carried out a moral revolution, successfully inverting morality into the Christian value system. Weakness turned into kindness. Surrendering to those you hated became obedience. Inability to retaliate turned into forgiveness. In the eyes of Christians, cowardice, humility and powerlessness are the virtues. Power and courage became evil.
Christianity was the lower class and slaves in Rome. The most popular among them is that one thing these people have in common is that they are powerless to get what they want and are therefore attracted by hypocritical dogma. They condemn those things they want but cannot get
And praise those things they do not want but happen to have. Nietzsche This kind of morality is called slave morality and believes that slave morality has dominated Western society since the Roman Empire established Christianity as the state religion. Modern values replicated slave values and replaced the early master morality.
Nietzsche regarded Christianity, the Enlightenment, and modern popular culture as Socrates. He saw in this complex the origins of modernity. Working together, they gave modern culture a repressive rationalism that had long controlled physical energy and passions, molded individuals into submissive groups, and suppressed excellence. In Nietzsche ‘s opinion
, it is a kind of atrophy of life instinct and social regression. In comparison, ancient Greek culture is a dynamic culture. It produced a healthy, strong and energetic body and personality, and the Dionysian spirit is even more prominently affirmed. Therefore , Nietzsche believed that the roots of European culture were in Greece. Initially
, he placed his hope on Wagner’s operas at the end of the 19th century, hoping to reconstruct Greek mythology through his music and rebirth the tragic art. Ancient Greek tragedy has fully demonstrated the magic of music. If the audience only realizes the image The world falls into sorrow when a tragic hero dies.
Only through the spirit of music can man understand the joy of individual destruction. If music is essential to tragic rebirth, then Germany has the opportunity to instigate this rebirth and then civilize Europe through a purified German culture. Rescued from the negative influence of Socratic rationalism, Nietzsche became increasingly disappointed
With the works of Wagner. Finally, he became disillusioned with Wagner. He saw that the peoples of Europe were heading towards nihilism. The West had long been influenced by Platonism and The influence of the highest value of Christianity makes all the dominant worldviews in the West a so-called real worldview,
Which is a pessimistic evaluation of life because they reject the current world and believe that there is a more perfect real world outside the real world for people to be real. Live in the world or heaven instead of affirming the present life. Starting from Socrates, modern people have constantly used metaphysical religious morality
To put layer upon layer of shackles on themselves. Now Nietzsche tells everyone that God is dead. The death of God represents the death of all transcendent values. He wanted people to put aside false illusions and re-embrace the purest life itself, so he conducted a philosophical thought experiment. Eternal Return
Forces people to face the present. Eternal Return assumes that every action you take will be repeated countless times in the past and future . Everything is just repeating what has happened in the past and what will happen countless times in the future , and nothing new will be produced in this process
. So are you still willing to do it again and countless times? Eternal return is to destroy life. To be liberated from the revenge mentality of time and the past and obtain the highest degree of self-affirmation tells people that no matter how life cycles, you must affirm your choice in every moment
Because it will be repeated infinitely in the future. Just like in full activation, only put The past has become like this. I am willing to do this to escape limbo and return to reality . But once people deny the true worldview and the false meaning it gives to life
And face the real world, they will find that all the moral values and values they followed in the past and the basis of the meaning of life will disappear. Those who collapse will eventually fall into nihilism . The last man described by Nietzsche in Thus Spoke Zarathustra is a person tortured by nihilism.
The last man falls into a passive and mediocre state of existence, lacking goals and meanings . Living in superficial enjoyment, we have lost the pursuit of higher levels of human dignity and value. In order not to degenerate into the last man, Nietzsche said that the only way left for mankind now
Is to become a superman. The collapse of the old system just provides the creation of a superman. Opportunity to set new values. Superman is the next stage of humanity. Nietzsche opposed Spencer’s ideas about evolution. Spencer believed that what organisms ultimately pursue is self-preservation. Nietzsche said that simply pursuing survival is too timid.
Humans should have higher goals in order to Explain what human beings want. Nietzsche conceived the world as the will to power. The will to power is not only hidden in the power of the entire universe, but also the driving force within the human individual. There are many impulses, desires, and values
in the human heart. Each impulse, desire, and value is different. The center of power is subject to different purposes. If a person’s will is weak, the body will be scattered and subject to different individual purposes. But if his will is strong enough, all rights units can be unified. In the course of life,
Every part of the whole person will continue to expand itself, so the whole People need a larger overall self to check and balance different parts , so people continue to expand and surpass themselves in this repetition. The will to right provides an endless power to life.
The core of Superman is to constantly overcome through the improvement of the will to power. Go beyond one’s previous limitations to enhance the overall level and value of human beings Rather than seeking equality for all