Although those who carried out the French Revolution weakened the power of the king and the monarchy, both the internal conflicts within the revolutionary forces and the struggles of the opponents of the revolution led to bloody processes in the French Revolution. This bloody process led to the execution of the organizers of the French Revolution. In this video, you will learn about the processes that took place after the French Revolution and you will learn in what kind of environment Napoleon rose to empire.
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The struggle against monarchism during the French Revolution did not bring a definitive end to the process. On the contrary, the chain of events triggered by the French Revolution led to the establishment of a terrorist regime and the execution of the initiators of the French Revolution.
When the Jirondenes took over the government, they also had to give the Jacobins some important government posts. The most interesting of these posts was that of minister of justice for Danton.
These changes were aimed at defeating external pressure and threats, but they were insufficient. The French army was suffering defeats at the hands of foreign armies, and nobles and royalists held in poorly guarded prisons sought revenge for the revolution.
In addition, the officer corps and the administration of the French army were dominated by royalist sympathizers. To eliminate threats to the revolution, the revolutionary leaders decided to mobilize determined revolutionary volunteers to fight the enemy at the front and to take drastic steps to prevent monarchists and aristocrats from staging coups.
The Jironden were incapable of carrying out these tasks. Danton had created an army of enthusiastic volunteer revolutionaries in the poorer parts of Paris and sent them to fight against foreign armies. Meanwhile, the masses in Paris took the initiative to strike hard against the counter-revolutionaries. Prisons were raided and royalists were killed. This is known in history as the September massacres.
The revolutionary French army managed to stop the foreign invading armies at Valmy, establishing the new convention and ending the monarchy. The new convention declared France a republic. In France, not only the king had disappeared. The remnants of feudalism were also abolished. The Church would no longer be supported by the state. This led to the development of secularism in France. Enlightenment ideas wanted to dominate social life. Plans were made for scientific studies.
In the French Revolution, everything seemed to be fine. However, the radicalization of the administration and social groups caused the revolutionary wave to recede. The regime of terror that emerged in this process began to reduce the sympathy of many people for the revolution. After the execution of the king and queen at the Convention, many aristocrats were also executed. The Jacobins then began to execute the Jirondens. The Thermidorians began to execute the Jacobins.
There was a difference in thinking between the Jacobins and the Jirondenes. The Jacobins were the radical bourgeoisie; the Jirondens were the moderate bourgeoisie. The Jirondens were reluctant to execute the king and had the potential to implement decisions that could lead to the revival of the monarchy. The Jacobins, on the other hand, were completely opposed to the monarchy and were determined to eliminate any steps that might revive it.
The radical Jacobin Robespierre issued a call in 1793 to organize an uprising. The 33 Paris sections met and formed an insurrectionary committee. On May 31 and June 2, the masses were called to revolt and 80,000 armed men laid siege to the Convention. The Jirondenes were besieged and power passed into the hands of the Jacobins.
The Jirondens were defeated and prepared to revolt to regain power. The Jirondens allied themselves with officers, rich merchants, middle class landowners. They were also supported by the aristocracy, which opposed the revolution. As a result of the revolts, the south and west of France fell into the hands of the Jirondenes. Toulon was given to Britain. The Vendee was under royalist control and foreign armies were advancing on Paris.
The Jacobin leaders saw that they had no choice but to take further and stricter measures. The economy fell into the hands of the central government. The lands of royalists, nobles and the Church were distributed to the peasants. It was decided to unite revolutionary troops on the fronts. Compulsory military service was introduced for single men between the ages of 18 and 25. All these measures did not work and the convention began to implement a policy of terror.
It was the lower and middle classes who had suffered under the monarchy that helped establish the terror regime. They were driven by an emotional desire for revenge, knowing that if those who opposed the revolution regained power, their lives would be worse than before.
Some Jacobin leaders fanned these sentiments and called for the establishment of a regime of terror. Once the regime of terror was established, most of those who opposed the revolution were executed. The execution of aristocrats and royalists began to disturb the Jirondenes. In Lyon, Marseille and Toulon, the royalists and the Jirondens set up courts and sent the supporters of the revolution to the guillotine.
Every day was a bloody day in the terror regime. The period 1793-94 was the peak of the terror regime. The first Jironden leaders arrested after the formation of the Jacobin government were placed under house arrest. However, some Jironden leaders fled to the countryside and organized riots. Robespierre and Danton began to consider the possibility that any Jironden released might become rebels and they felt they had no choice but to execute them.
In the spring of 1794, Robespierre began to organize the Jacobins around him and they began to take control of popular organizations in Paris. Now they were the only ones in power. Power had taken on a centralized structure. For the continuation of centralized power, repression was resorted to.
In the summer of 1794, the revolutionary French army was the best fighting force in Europe. Insurrections in the countryside had been crushed, Brussels had been occupied and the French army was advancing northwards. But Robespierre had made many enemies.
On July 27, 1794, these enemies ambushed Robespierre during a debate at the Convention. An arrest warrant was issued for Robespierre. To save themselves, the Jacobins wanted to organize the masses into a revolutionary uprising, but the committees that could have organized the uprising had been closed by the Jacobins.
The call for an uprising failed and Robespierre and his followers were arrested. On July 28th, these important leaders of the French revolution were executed. The forces that overthrew Robespierre did not stay in power for long. Empowered by these events, counter-revolutionaries re-emerged. Some groups of rich young people forced the Paris Jacobin Club to close down.
They wanted to change the constitution and started a new wave of terror. In 1795, revolutionary groups of the lower classes attacked the rich youth groups and brought them under control. But the Thermidorian forces crushed the revolutionary groups of the lower classes. These events caused pro-monarchists who had fled abroad to return to France.
In October 1795, royalists staged a rebellion in Paris. The Thermidorians were horrified by this rebellion and began arming the Jacobins again. Napoleon Bonaparte, a Jacobin who was becoming popular at that time, helped suppress this rebellion.
The Thermidorians, fearing a bloody restoration of the monarchy, agreed to give power to a five-person directorate. The Directorate remained in turmoil for four years, and in 1799 Napoleon staged a coup and gained dictatorial powers. Napoleon had the pope declare him emperor in 1804.
Napoleon began to rule the country with the support of the former Jacobins and the returning aristocrats. In 1814-15, the French Napoleonic armies were defeated, causing European states to establish the Bourbon monarchy.
The French Revolution had eliminated the backward social forces for a market-based society, and the events of 1792-94 had destroyed the power of the aristocracy.
1 Comment
Robes Pierre……
Same as communist revolutions.
They kill all the ppl that fought for it. There’s a reason for that. Bc criminals always have an ulterior motive.