Learn Spanish – #podcast – 02

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SPAIN: CO-OFFICIAL LANGUAGES AND DIALECTS – WHAT LANGUAGES ARE SPOKEN IN SPAIN? Spanish or Castilian? This is a question that comes up in debates and, very often, in Spanish classes. So, what is the correct term to refer to the language spoken in Spain and other Latin American countries?

Do we learn Spanish, from Spain or Castilian, from Castilla? The Pan-Hispanic Dictionary of doubts of the RAE says the following in this regard: “To designate the most common language of Spain and many nations in America, and which is also spoken as its own in other parts of the world, the terms ‘Castilian’

Are valid. and Spanish'”. However, it is officially recommended to use the term “Spanish”, as it refers more directly to the language currently spoken by some 580 million people, 483 million of them native speakers. And this is also recognized by the other countries of the world that in their own languages ​​designate

Our language with the name Spanisch, Spanish, spagnolo, espanhol, etc. Castilian vs. Spanish Is “Castilian” synonymous with “Spanish”? Castilian arose to refer to the Romanesque dialect born in the kingdom of Castile during the Middle Ages and has been maintained over time to refer to the common language of the

Spanish State, independently of some co-official languages ​​that coexist in other autonomies, such as Catalan, Galician or Basque, among others. The third article of the Spanish Constitution also contemplates it as follows: “Castilian or Spanish is the official Spanish language of the State.

All Spaniards have the duty to know it and the right to use it.” Therefore, in Spain both “Castilian” and “Spanish” refer to the language, they are synonyms. They can be used interchangeably. Suso and Yuso, the cradle of Castilian In San Millán de la Cogolla, 40 kilometers

From Logroño, the capital of La Rioja, is the monastic complex of Suso and Yuso, declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO. There, more than a thousand years ago, the first texts in Spanish were written, known as the Glosas Emilianenses. Today it is one of the places, along with Valpuesta, in Burgos, where the

Oldest documents written in Spanish are preserved. For this reason, the town of San Millán de la Cogolla is called the “cradle of Castilian”. The monastery of San Millán de la Cogolla, from the 6th century AD. C., founded by the saint of the

Same name, it became one of the most important cultural centers in southern Europe and the evolution of Vulgar Latin. Nowadays, many pilgrims on the Jacobean Route stop along the way to visit this grandiose monastic complex, made up of the abbeys of Suso and Yuso, which

Are also part of the Camino de la Lengua Castellana, along with other places such as Santo Domingo. from Silos, Salamanca and Valladolid. Did you know that…? The Glosas Emilianenses are the first notes in Spanish and Basque. These are small texts that medieval copyist monks wrote down in the margin

Of the pages as a clarification when they encountered difficulties in understanding the Latin texts. In Europe and during the Middle Ages, copyist monks were in charge of maintaining the written legacy of Antiquity, and their task was to copy the codices and manuscripts by hand. Data The growth of Spanish in the world

According to a report on the Spanish language, 7.6% of the world’s population speaks Spanish, making it the second mother tongue in the world by number of speakers. Likewise, approximately 22 million students study Spanish as a foreign language in 110 countries and at all levels of education.

In Europe, France, Italy, the United Kingdom and Germany, in this order, are the countries with the highest number of Spanish students. Spanish is the third most used language on the Internet, after English and Chinese, and even greater growth is expected in social networks in the coming years.

Furthermore, it is expected that in 2060 the United States will be the second Spanish-speaking country in the world, after Mexico, since almost one in three Americans will be Hispanic. Next, do an exercise. Say if it is true or false. 1. Spanish is the official language of the Spanish State.

On the other hand, Castilian is only the dialect spoken in Castile. 2. In San Millán de la Cogolla, more than a thousand years ago, the first notes were written in Spanish, which is why it is considered the “cradle of Spanish”. 3. Around 22 countries in the world teach Spanish

As a foreign language in their educational centers. Co-official languages ​​and dialects in Spain As we have already explained before, the official language in Spain is Spanish or Castilian, without distinction, but have you ever wondered what other languages ​​and dialects are spoken in Spain? We tell you about it below:

Co-official languages ​​in Spain The Spanish languages ​​that coexist alongside Castilian or Spanish and that are official in their respective autonomous communities are: Catalan, Valencian, Galician, Basque and Aranese. These are spoken respectively in Catalonia and the Balearic Islands, Valencia, Galicia, the Basque Country and the Aran Valley, province of Lérida.

Castilian, Catalan, Valencian, Aranese and Galician are Romance languages, derived from evolved Latin. However, Basque, also called Basque, is the oldest isolated living language in Europe. According to linguists, it is not related to any other living language and its origin is still unknown, making it unique in Europe. Where are these languages ​​spoken?

Catalan or català Catalan is spoken in the autonomous communities of Catalonia, Aragon, the Balearic Islands, among others. Likewise, Catalan is one of the most spoken regional languages ​​in the European Union. It is the official language of Andorra and is spoken in

Some areas of Italy, such as Sardinia, and also in Perpignan, in the eastern Pyrenees of France. Five curious words in Catalan Catalonia receives many visitors from all over the world to enjoy its landscapes, its culture, its gastronomy and its language.

Here we give you five very common and colloquial words or expressions in Catalan with their definition in Spanish so that you can start practicing this language. 1. Apa: come on, come on! It is used as a farewell between friends, acquaintances or family. For example: Apa, adéu (Come, goodbye). 2. Petonet: little kiss.

It is used informally between close people and expresses affection, love, respect. For example: Demà ens veiem, un petonet (See you tomorrow, a little kiss). 3. Nen: is a term used to attract the attention of the recipient, especially to refer to someone close; It resembles the word “uncle.”

But nen also means “child” or “boy.” For example: What’s up, nen? (What’s up, man?) or Has the child been brought to school? (Have you taken the child to school?). 4. Fold: means “to leave a job” or “to cease a work activity.”

For example: Comencem a les vuit i pleguem a les dues (We start at eight and finish at two). 5. Bocamoll: used colloquially to tell someone that they are a charlatan, a bocachancla. For example: Calla, que ets un bocamoll (Shut up, you are a bocachancla).

Galician or Galician Galician is not only spoken in the autonomous community of Galicia, but also in neighboring regions of Asturias, León and Zamora. Around 3 million people speak this language, which shares 90% of the lexicon with Portuguese. Five beautiful Galician words The Galician language has a lot of sound and

Some words are very endearing, we have selected five that you will like to know and learn: 1. Riquiño/a: Galicians are not usually direct in their assessments, so they say “riquiño” or “riquiña” to someone who is not handsome, but is not ugly either.

In Spanish it also translates as someone who is nice or friendly. Galicians also use riquiño/a to refer affectionately to small children. For example: Coñecín ao seu mozo hoxe. É moi riquiño (I met her boyfriend today. He is very nice). 2.

Sapoconcho: this word is used to refer to the turtle and in a colloquial context to people who are very slow. For example: You go more slowly than a sapoconcho (You go slower than a turtle) or Un sapoconcho é mais rapid ca ti (A turtle is faster than you). 3.

Polbo: it is the gastronomic word par excellence in Galicia and refers to the octopus. For example: Eu quero polbo à feira (I want Galician-style octopus). 4. Aperta: it is a hug and is used as a gesture of affection and to say goodbye, and now more

Than ever, due to the pandemic, it is used symbolically. For example: Deume una aperta (He gave me a hug). 5. Sentidiño: means having common sense, being sensible, being responsible…, and it has been a word widely used throughout the pandemic in Galicia.

For example: Agora tes que facer as cousas con sentidiño (Now we have to do things with common sense). Basque or Euskera Currently, Basque or Euskera is spoken as a first or second language in the three provinces of the Basque Country: Álava, Vizcaya and Guipúzcoa.

Also in Navarra, in the enclave of Treviño (Castilla y León), in the Villaverde valley (Cantabria) and in some areas of the south of France. What is a dialect? A dialect is a variation of the main language used locally, in a given geographical area.

In Spain there is a great variety of dialects, among the most spoken are Aragonese (spoken in several areas of Aragon), Leonese (spoken in areas of Salamanca, Zamora, León, Palencia and Valladolid), Bable (spoken especially in rural areas of Asturias), Andalusian (spoken in Andalusia, Ceuta and Melilla), Canarian (spoken in the

Canary Islands), Extremaduran (spoken in parts of Extremadura and Salamanca), Murcian (spoken in the region of Murcia, has similarities with the Andalusian, Extremaduran, Aragonese and Valencian). Some of these dialects come directly from Latin, that is, they evolved differently and parallel to Spanish.

Others are varieties of the Spanish language, that is, they emerged from it. Then do the following exercise. Say if it is true or false: 1. The co-official languages ​​of Spain are Catalan, Valencian, Galician, Aragonese and Andalusian. 2. Galician is spoken by about 3 million people and shares 90% of the lexicon with Portuguese.

3. The Murcian dialect is the same as the Andalusian. Idioms An idiom is a fixed expression whose meaning cannot always be deduced from the words that compose it. It is a linguistic use that allows you to concentrate an idea in a few words and transmit

Said concept to all those who share the same language. Next, we present some idioms related to the theme of the month. Choose the correct definition. 1. “Not mincing words” refers, in this case, to… a. Say things directly and clearly. b. a disease of the tongue. c. not having the sense of taste. 2.

“Talking the talk”, in this case, refers to… a. have special skills with your arms. b. talk too much c. speak in a very low voice Spelling pills In this section we give you some practical and very brief tips so that you can learn spelling effortlessly. Do not confuse “else” (together) with “else” (separate).

But: it is an adversative conjunction and is used to contrast one concept with another. For example: He does not study, but works. If not: usually introduce a conditional sentence. For example: If you don’t study today, you won’t pass the exam. Tip We give you some easy tricks to use

“sino” (together) or “yes no” (separate). 1. If some element can be inserted between “yes” and “no” without losing the meaning of the sentence, then it is used if not, separately. For example: “If (you) don’t study today, you won’t pass the exam”, “If (he) doesn’t want to, I won’t go”.

In this case, the personal pronoun does not change the meaning of the phrase; Therefore, “else” is correct, separated. 2. But they can also be distinguished through intonation. The adversative conjunction sino (sino) is unstressed, while the no in the expression si no retains its characteristic tonicity and is read (si no).

Now, choose the correct option: 1. Really, it’s not that I don’t want to, (but / if not) that I can’t do it. 2. (If / if you don’t) arrive on time, you will miss your child’s graduation. 3.

I didn’t tell you to make the food, (but / if not) to give me the recipe. 4. Don’t worry (else / if not) you can do it. A country to fall in love Below we give you some aspects

Of Spanish culture that will help you get to know the country and its people better. Moorish heritage In the heart of the famous Alhambra in Granada is the Patio de los Leones. Its name comes from a fountain in the center of the courtyard, which Mohamed V had built in the 14th century.

It consists of 12 lions from whose mouths water flows. Muslim culture is inseparable from the history of Spain: it left its mark not only on art, but also on language and customs. It is no surprise: the first Arab groups arrived in the Iberian Peninsula in the year 711.

Then a long war began to regain Christian control, but it was not until 1491 when the last Arab stronghold fell: Granada. You have heard part of the cover song “Arab Heritage.” Next, choose the correct alternative. 1. Muslim culture… a. It is inseparable from Spanish history. b.

It has nothing to do with Spanish history. 2. The Arabs left their mark… a. in language, but not in customs or art. b. in language, customs and also in art. NAP – Taking a nap A very healthy activity, according to experts.

Taking a nap every day for about 20 minutes (no more) reactivates your mind and makes you more productive. The myth that we Spaniards always take a nap is just that, a myth. Only 18% of Spaniards admit to sleeping every day.

The concept of nap comes from the sixth hour, from Latin (time between 12:00 and 15:00). It was born in the 11th century and comes from one of the rules of Saint Benedict: rest and tranquility during those hours. This custom spread and began to be adopted in many other monasteries and among the population,

Who began to call it “siesta.” Remember that nap time is sacred. Don’t even think about calling on the phone or making noise between two and four in the afternoon. You can take a nap or nap, whichever you prefer. You have heard part of the cover song “La siesta”. Next, choose the correct alternative.

1. The word “nap” comes from… a. of the Arab heritage. b. from Latin. 2. During nap time it is recommended… a. Visit neighbors to take advantage of free time. b. Leave people alone because nap time is “sacred.” GUERRILLA – Guerrilla Guerrilla is a war tactic that

Consists of small groups of armed men who move quickly over the terrain and unexpectedly attack a much larger enemy. The term was born in Spain during the War of Independence against the occupation of Napoleon Bonaparte’s troops. The Spanish people, smaller in number and worse armed than the French army, organized themselves

Into guerrillas throughout Spain and achieved victory against France. You have heard the cover song “Guerrilla”. Next, choose the correct alternative. 1. The guerrilla… a. It is a war tactic invented in Spain by the Romans. b. It is a war tactic used by the Spanish during the war against Napoleon.

Sports traditions – Aúpa Spain is a party. We have crazy and fun traditions that we celebrate in honor of Virgins and saints, or for no reason at all. Many of these traditional festivals, such as the running of the bulls during the Sanfermines, have their origin in field tasks.

They are almost always competitions; It’s about knowing who is the strongest, the fastest, the most fearless or even who whistles the loudest and clearest. ECOS has brought together some of these traditional games, let’s discover them! The trawlers Neither from Oxford nor from Cambridge, nor do they row on the Thames.

The trawlers are boats that were used to fish for sardines in the Cantabrian Sea and were soon used for competition. The regattas began in 1856. Today thirteen rowers and one skipper compete per boat. Castells This Catalan tradition is Intangible Heritage of Humanity.

The castells are human towers and have their origin in the rural areas of Tarragona. In Valencia, Algemesí, there is the Muixeranga, which has a religious meaning. Both are spectacular: teamwork, concentration, strength, agility, balance, music and color, long live the castells! Colcada and commotion in Menorca In Sant Lluís and Maó, in Ses Salines…,

The festivals in the Balearic Islands have the horse as the protagonist. The most striking thing is the commotion: seeing how the riders make the horses dance, raising their legs and spinning in streets and squares full of people. Awesome. Sanlúcar Races They have been held since 1845 in Sanlúcar de Barrameda.

They are horse races that have one of the most beautiful settings in the world: sunset on the beach of Sanlúcar. The races do not have a fixed time, the schedule depends on the tides. The gancheros, navateros, almadeiros or raiers The river that takes us is a novel by José Luis San Pedro.

A well-deserved tribute to these men who lower the tree trunks cut from the mountain to the sawmill using the river. Several trunks are joined together and a precarious boat is formed. This tradition is continued today as a festival or competition.

In Castilla they are called gancheros, in Aragon, navateros, in Navarra, almadeiros and in Catalonia, raiers. The Gomero whistle This year the 12th edition of the Gomero whistle competition is celebrated. The whistle is a way of communicating on this Canary Island, a complex language where each sound corresponds to a letter.

It is Intangible Heritage of Humanity. If you are interested in the subject, there is a Romanian film, La Gomera, in which a gangster wants to learn the whistle to escape from the police. Canarian wrestling In Canarian wrestling the important thing is to unbalance the enemy and make him fall to the ground.

Aragonese wrestling – and Japanese sumo – is very similar. In this game there are no keys, there are “tricks”. A curiosity? The regulations were made in Cuba in 1872. Basque Pelota Two people play, it is also played in

Pairs, who stand in front of a wall and pass the ball to each other, making it bounce off the same wall; The court is from 30 to 54 meters. It can be played with a racket, with a basket or by hand. It has been an Olympic exhibition sport on four occasions.

Stone lifters Can you imagine lifting a 329 kilo round stone? In the Basque Country people compete by lifting stones of different shapes and sizes. You can start practicing with 100, it’s the minimum! It also counts the time and number of times one lifts the stone. Trunk cuts Typical of northern Spain.

It is most widespread in the Basque Country and Castilla y León. The trunks are cut on the ground with an ax or saw, although in the “Australian way” the trunk is cut high in the tree. You have heard “Sports traditions ¡Aúpa!”. Then say the correct alternative. 1.

Castells are a (Catalan/Basque) tradition and are Intangible Heritage of Humanity. 2. The regulations of Canarian wrestling were made in (Japan / Cuba) and are very similar to Aragonese wrestling. Art with eñe We continue with the themes of the Special, Spain: a country to fall in love with.

Next, we will talk about “Art with Ñ”. Who doesn’t know Picasso, Velázquez or Goya? Let’s see who is who in Spanish painting and why. We are in 1492, when the Catholic Monarchs put an end to eight centuries of Arab rule, They unite the territory and, at the same time, America is discovered.

Spain grows. It becomes an empire where the sun does not set. And this translates into influences that come and go, in richness: fertile ground for art. We begin with an almost Spanish author, El Greco (1541-1614). Doméniko Theotokópoulos arrived in Toledo in 1577, he was 36 years old, he developed a

Unique painting, with vivid, electric colors, while his figures lengthened and twisted more and more. They consider him a precursor of expressionism for works such as The Vision of Saint John (1609-1614), which is his last work. Francisco de Zurbarán (1598-1664), painter of religious themes.

The qualities of the fabrics of its monks and saints are fantastic. He works in Seville, that is why part of his work reaches America. Zurbarán is also interested in the composition: simple, geometric, with pure forms. Cubism? Almost. We see it in San Serapio (1628) or San Hugo in the Carthusian refectory (1655).

Diego Velázquez (1599-1660) is a reference in universal painting. Precursor of impressionism. His ability to create atmosphere, his loose brushwork, the tenderness and sensuality of his treatment of the characters, and his psychological portrait stand out. All this is seen in Las meninas or in Pablo de Valladolid, which excited Manet (he later

Painted The Fife). Francis Bacon uses his portrait of Pope Innocent X as the basis for one of his paintings. He died at the age of 61, he painted little, about 120 works. His painting View of the Garden of the Villa Medici in Rome is already impressionist.

Francisco de Goya (1746-1828) is the union between two centuries, precursor of the avant-garde, expressionism and abstraction. Goya had a slow evolution; it was not until 1799 with Los Caprichos that the great painter emerged. In 1814 he painted May 3rd in Madrid.

In 1819 he bought a house on the outskirts of Madrid, where he painted his best works, loaded with messages, the Black Paintings: Half-Sunken Dog, which is pure abstraction, Saturn Devouring His Son, etc. His brushwork is loose, his theme heartbreaking. Brutal expressionism continued by Antonio Saura. (Source: ECOS Next, do the following exercise.

We give you information regarding one of the four painters mentioned above. Find out who it is. 1. This painter worked in Seville, and in his works he dedicated a lot to religious themes. 2. He was born in Aragon and then spent many years in Madrid.

Due to his techniques and themes, he is considered a pioneer and even a reference for modern painters. Famous are, among many other works, his cycles, for example, the Black Paintings. 3. One of the most famous, one of the classics, one that cannot be missing in a museum like the Prado, in Madrid.

And it is not missing. His work Las meninas stands out. 4. This painter is known for developing a unique painting, with bright colors; he lived in Toledo and his name refers to his native country. Ecology: Recycle your oil Listen carefully to the following text: “Recycle your oil”.

Extra virgin olive oil is 100% olive juice. It is great for our health and the basis of the Mediterranean diet. In Spain there are 340 million olive trees and 260 varieties of olives are grown. Spaniards consume 138 million liters per year (extra virgin olive oil alone). Healthy, right?

But what happens with used oil? Many liters end up in the pipes and this is a big problem, since a single liter of oil contaminates thousands of liters of water. For this reason, Madrid has installed more than 500 containers where used oil can be recycled and transformed, for example, into soap or biofuel.

Comprehension exercise You have heard “Panorama Spain: Recycle your oil”. Then do the following exercise. We give it some words, but there is always one that does not correspond with the others. 1. olive tree – olive – olive oil – ham 2. contaminate – juice – Mediterranean diet – health

Open-air museum Listen carefully to the following text “Panorama Latin America: Open Air Museum. In the north of Colombia, bathed by the Caribbean Sea, is the city of Barranquilla. There is the colorful and carnivalesque Barrio Abajo, a place where you can breathe the aroma

Of the sancochos of the local cuisine, traditional games, such as cards and dominoes, and the rhythm of cumbia. Its colorful houses mix with urban art murals with traditional and modern motifs. And in the streets you live the routine and joy of its people.

Those who call Barrio Abajo the Colombian Montmartre are not wrong. All this is part of the essence of this neighborhood and the project of the Departmental Network of Museums of the Atlantic to turn this picturesque place into the largest open-air museum in the world; a different museum that goes beyond art.

You have heard “Latin American Panorama: Open Air Museum”. Then say whether it is true or false. 1. An open-air museum is something other than an open-air museum. 2. Barrio Abajo is located in the city of Barranquilla, Colombia, on the Caribbean coast. A journey for the soul

After five and a half years without seeing each other, I made the trip to Mexico City a week before Christmas in 2017 to meet my dear friend Jorge, from Baja California Sur. We had met at the University of Munich as modern language teaching students

And used to keep in touch by Skype and email. Jorge’s Oaxacan aunts had invited us to spend Christmas with them in Oaxaca de Juárez, the capital of the state of Oaxaca. We left at midnight from the TAPO bus terminal in Mexico City, and six hours later we arrived at our destination.

In the heart of the historic center of Oaxaca, the Zócalo, we wait for dawn. It was the first time I saw how the poinsettia, native to Mexico, grew in the ground in the form of a bush. Its red star-shaped flowers adorned the square, which becomes a place for walking every day

And where Radish Night traditionally takes place on December 23. My jaw dropped when I saw the radish figures that the participants created for that contest! Two blocks from the Zócalo is the Mercado 20 de Noviembre, where you can find many traditional products of the state, such as, for example, sarapes, chocolate, quesillo

And Tasaj (salted beef, fresh or dried), and where you can try the delicious dishes of indigenous influence. Among my favorites are many varieties of tortilla, such as sope or tlayuda covered with refried beans, vegetables, cheese and, depending on each person’s taste, jerky or chorizo ​​and chili sauces.

From the market you can walk to the top of Cerro del Fortín, a state park and one of the several elevations that surround the city. Along the route there are eucalyptus trees and gourd, a leguminous plant from which the city inherited its name.

In addition, it offers a spectacular panoramic view of the valley, which houses the city of Oaxaca. Another place that I visited with Jorge were the pre-Columbian pyramids of Monte Albán. During its heyday, Monte Albán was the sociopolitical center of the Zapotecs for almost a thousand years.

Despite being an emblem that appears on the 20 Mexican peso bill, before my trip I knew nothing about this archaeological zone, declared a World Heritage Site in 1987. From the bus stop, at the foot of the mountain and about 10 kilometers west

Of the city, we climbed the paved road until a worker from the Monte Albán museum gave us a ride. Due to the height of the steps in the Grand Plaza, it is advisable to wear a hat to protect yourself from the sun.

I’m sure that Jorge and I will return to Oaxaca soon, this time married. You have heard “Travel notebook: Oaxaca de Juárez, a journey for the soul.” Say if it is true or false. 1. Annette and Jorge met working at the University of Munich. 2.

Annette and Jorge traveled to Oaxaca in the summer to visit their aunts. 3. Monte Albán is a historical place that appears on all Mexican banknotes.