No.013 알루미늄 (Aluminium, Al)

알루미늄? 알루미눔? 알루미움? 어떤게 제대로 된 이름일까
알루미늄의 발견과 쓰임새들에 대해
상대성 이론의 증명을 알루미늄으로 해내다
달에서 살아가기 위해 가장 중요한 원소

원자와 인공원자, 인공분자와 분자: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qZUicWJhY5M

[00:00] 인트로
[00:18] 알루미늄? 알루미눔?
[01:31] 알루미늄의 발견과정
[07:04] 알루미늄 생산 에너지
[09:04] 달과 알루미늄
[11:07] 천체망원경과 알루미늄
[12:48] 알루미늄 동위원소
[13:43] 우주선 잔해와 알루미늄
[14:57] 알루미늄 녹의 특징
[17:00] 강옥과 레이저
[20:42] 알루미늄 갑옷 생물
[21:44] 방탄유리와 투명 알루미늄
[23:40] 알루미늄 초원자
[25:29] 알루미늄과 상대성이론
[26:37] 알루미늄 배터리들
[27:44] 백신과 알루미늄
[28:33] 결론

#화학 #원소 #과학 #주기율표 #알루미늄 #금속 #물질 #백신 #제임스웹 #우주 #레이저 #방탄

Hello, this is chemist Jang Hong-je. A slightly different story about the element. The 13th atomic number is [Aluminium (Al)]. Aluminum is used in everything from foil to kitchen tools and various alloys. It is a metal element that is used in everything, even vaccines. We introduce all the minor stories about aluminum.

Why are we the only ones who have such an ambiguous name mixed in the names of sodium/sodium (Na) ? If you were upset, we will rediscover the twisted names for aluminum that we did not know about. You can look it up once. Complex forms among the names of elements

Can be broadly divided into three cases. The first case is more inconvenient because it is frequently seen. It ranges from completely different names such as sodium and potassium to germanium/germanium ( where the standard term has changed at some point ). Ge) Iodine/iodine (I), etc. are representative examples.

The second is that the name and element symbol are so different that it is not easy to associate, but it is difficult to hear often and you do not feel uncomfortable because you do not know much . Tungsten (W) tin is accompanied by the name Tin. It is written as Sn

Antimony (Sb) and iron (Fe) . The third and final case is a case where we just don’t know what the difference is, so we didn’t think about it . Is it [aluminum] or [aluminum]? The English spelling is difficult because the pronunciation is ambiguous. Even the two are distinct.

If you even search the two words in a search engine, you can see that [aluminum] appears as more results than the standard word [aluminum]. Aluminum starts from [alum]. Alum is a very distant word. It is a mineral resource that has been used usefully since the past.

There have even been economic conflicts between countries over alum. One of the traditional uses of alum is to dye fibers, including wool. To color pigments in bright and vivid colors, alum is mixed. It is very important. Making beautiful crystals is not that difficult, so many schools even experiment with growing alum crystals.

If you look at the discovery process of aluminum starting from alum, you can understand the ambiguity of the name. Alum, which has been used in the past, The term for substances including alumina was established around 1790. In general, the names of metal substances ending in -a refer to [*oxide] (*substance combined with oxygen)

Alumina refers to alum or aluminum oxides. That makes sense. Then, in 1807, Sir Humphrey Davy was the first to separate metallic aluminum through electrolysis. At that time, he could not separate only pure aluminum metal, and as a result, it was found that potassium (K) and sodium (Na) were contained as impurities. As these

Elements were mixed as essential elements of various soil minerals, they were obtained as alloys through electrolysis. Sir Davy proposed a name for this in 1808. Although he could not completely separate it, he named the various elements discovered at the time. It is proposed that Alumium, which means silicon,

Zirconium, which is separated from Zircon, and Glucium, which is another name for boron. In the interpretation that it is no different from Alumina, which is an aluminum oxide, in 1812, the name of the element is given. It is organized as Aluminum. [Aluminum] and [Aluminum] were used for a long time.

In 1925 , the American Chemical Society (ACS), the most prestigious society at the time (and still is), changed the common metal suffix -ium to We agreed to use the word aluminum. As a result, IUPAC , which serves as the standard for all weights and measures and chemical substances,

Confirmed [aluminum] as the official term in 1990. So, how did the separation and production of pure aluminum proceed? During the period between Sir Davy’s discovery and the name being finalized , two chemists achieved the greatest success. The first was [Hans Christian Oersted], who is usually said to have discovered aluminum.

However, Oersted’s aluminum also had potassium (K). It was observed in flame reactions, etc. that it was mixed with impurities, and [Friedrich Wöhler], with Oersted’s consent, continued his research and isolated aluminum in 1845. Currently, it is difficult to pinpoint who among the two was the first to successfully isolate aluminum.

I can’t mention it. Their separation is done by melting [anhydrous aluminum chloride], which does not contain water, and reacting it to create metallic aluminum using metallic sodium or potassium. Sodium or potassium, which tend to lose electrons, gives electrons to aluminum ions, making them metal. The important thing here is that

It must be ‘anhydrous’ aluminum chloride. If water is mixed, it cannot be produced properly, and the key was how to keep the hygroscopic aluminum chloride in an anhydrous state. The development of mass production methods reaches a turning point based on anhydrous water.

The name of the most famous aluminum mass production method is the [Hall-Herru process], which was developed independently at the same time by [Charles Martin Hall] of the United States and [Paul Héroux] of France. The reason Hall’s photos look particularly young and

It is difficult to find photos of him in his old age is because Hall began his personal research at the age of 17 and successfully applied for a patent at the age of 22, so the photos from that time are of the greatest significance. [Cryolite], an aluminum ore, was used.

Aluminum chloride is hygroscopic, but aluminum fluoride does not react with water at all. In the end, the effort to make anhydride was reduced, and aluminum fluoride was additionally mixed and dissolved to produce aluminum through electrolysis. Hall and Eru each applied for a patent, and their patent battle and commercialization went through several processes.

The most common source of aluminum currently used is [Bauxite] Bauxite is excavated from the Les Baux region in France. It was a mineral that used to be called bauxite, which is why it got the name bauxite. One mineral is not made of one type of material, but

Is a mixture of at least three types of minerals. These are gibbsite , boehmite, and diaspores , respectively. The mineral name is Diaspore, and all three contain a large amount of aluminum. The brownish appearance is due to the presence of iron. About 45% of bauxite is made up of aluminum minerals, and

4 tons of bauxite can produce as much as 1 ton of aluminum metal. 1 ton of aluminum metal is equivalent to more than 60,000 cans. This is enough to produce aluminum, and even now, aluminum is being made endlessly. More than 123,000 aluminum cans are recycled per minute every day, and

What is especially serious about aluminum recycling is that recycling one aluminum can will cause a 100 W light bulb to be turned on for more than 4 hours continuously. This is because it can save a tremendous amount of energy, enough to power a TV for 3 hours. For this reason

, aluminum was treated as a more precious metal than gold or silver in early France. If you are interested in stories related to elements, Napoleon It is said that he loved aluminum so much that when he invited guests, he used aluminum tableware and gave gold or silver dishes to others.

There is also a slight error here, but it is not Napoleon Bonaparte as we usually think. The period during which Napoleon was alive (1769~) During the 1821) period, aluminum was discovered (1807) and the first separation by Oersted was successful (1824), but difficult work such as making tableware was impossible. Napoleon III

, the nephew of Emperor Napoleon I, is the main character of this story. He was a man who was serious about aluminum, even making coins out of aluminum. Aluminum production still uses too much energy. After mining bauxite, separating and processing aluminum oxide, aluminum metal is obtained through electrolysis.

It is made and distributed in the form of an ingot, and even if you look at the energy used at each stage, too much energy is consumed in electrolysis. The energy consumption of the entire process is equivalent to 190 to 230 MJ per kg of aluminum metal.

I do not have a good sense of it. If you come, let’s consider replacing it with our friend TNT. When 1KG of TNT explodes, 4.2 MJ of energy is generated. In the end, the amount of energy required to obtain 1 kg of aluminum metal is the same as the energy released

When 54 kg of TNT is exploded . The biggest part of the aluminum production process is conversion to metal form using electrolysis. If recycled, 95% of energy can be saved, so aluminum is considered the material that needs to be recycled the most. What is the meaning of daily separate collection ?

When you doubt whether it exists, let’s remember that aluminum is a truly enormous energy-saving solution . If we move on to the story of elements and space, aluminum is likely to become a key element for lunar exploration and settlement . Although the moon also has an atmosphere, it is very It is rare,

And most of it is gases that cannot be used for respiration, such as hydrogen, neon, and argon . However, the moon is actually rich in oxygen. It is just that it is not in gaseous form and cannot be used for respiration.

If you look at the mineral types that make up the lunar regolith, half of it is Silica, which is about 20% silicon dioxide, is followed immediately by aluminum oxide at a rate of up to 27%. In addition, various metal elements such as iron, manganese (Mn), and calcium (Ca)

Make up the moon in a form combined with oxygen . If converted, 45% of the lunar regolith can be said to be oxygen. If we recall the production process of aluminum, the current provided through the electrode is transmitted to the liquid aluminum oxide, which separates it into metallic aluminum and gaseous oxygen.

The process on Earth is the metal aluminum oxide. As the purpose was to obtain oxygen, oxygen is a by-product. However, if the same reaction is performed on the moon, oxygen becomes the main product, and the extracted aluminum or other metals become useful by-products as construction materials, etc. The roles are reversed.

Used for mining. If we exclude the hard rock material oxygen buried deep in the moon, which is difficult to do , and only consider the easily accessible regolith on the surface, we can get some estimates : There is an average of 1.4 tons of mineral elements per square meter of lunar regolith,

Including about 630 kg of oxygen. NASA says humans need to breathe about 800 grams of oxygen per day to survive . So 630 kg of oxygen can keep a person alive for about two years. The average depth of regolith on the Moon is about 10 m . And

Assuming that all the oxygen can be extracted from it, this means that it will provide enough oxygen to support all 8 billion people on Earth for about 100,000 years. Building the iconic reflector of the [James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)] I have introduced the element beryllium (Be), which was used

To overcome gravity and fly a long distance into space, so a light yet strong metal was needed, so beryllium formed the basic skeleton, and the surface was coated with a very thin layer of gold to give it a golden appearance. Coating with gold is

Not just to look cool or to protect against corrosion. JWST detects long-wavelength electromagnetic waves, including infrared rays, so gold, which has excellent reflection in this wavelength range, is the optimal material. Visible light and other In order to reflect and analyze light, a material other than gold is expected to be more suitable, and

That material is aluminum, as shown in the spectrum . The production of an astronomical telescope using aluminum is currently in progress. It is being installed on the top of a mountain in the Atacama Desert in Chile. [Large Magellan Telescope] There are various telescopes that have already been built, are in progress

, or have been cancelled. Among them, JWST, located at Lagrange Point 2, is very small compared to the Giant Magellan Telescope. It takes approximately 6.5 m to manufacture JWST’s segmented mirror with a width of 6.5 m. It took eight years and the work to cast the 8.5 m main mirror

Of the Giant Magellan Telescope has been in progress for about 18 years. The basic form of the main mirror is made of borosilicate glass, which has a low coefficient of thermal expansion and is highly durable. And finally, a 100 nm thick aluminum coating is applied

To the surface , which is excellent for reflecting visible light. The most representative form of aluminum is aluminum-27. As with the atomic number, 13 protons and 14 neutrons form a nucleus. Aluminum also exists in isotopes with various numbers of neutrons, but the only stable form is aluminum-27. The main isotope

Is aluminum-26, a nucleus created in space. Aluminum-26 is important for the early evolution of planetary systems because it is a major early heat source. Naturally, observing aluminum-26 in space or on Earth provides a lot of information about the past. It was recently revealed that

Aluminum-26, which played an important role in the formation of planets 4.6 billion years ago, was uneven in the primitive solar system in [Erg Chech 002], the oldest meteorite discovered in the Erg Chech region of the Sahara Desert. Surprisingly, the place where aluminum can be easily found is in the Earth’s upper atmosphere.

This doesn’t mean it’s a good thing. Spacecraft debris falls to Earth and burns, and in the process, various elements spread into the Earth’s atmosphere. Due to high heat, they decompose into vapor and then coagulate . It forms nano-sized particles that fall or float in the sky. Compared to elements formed from meteor falls,

About 50% of sulfuric acid aerosols contain metals, and clear differences and evidence are confirmed in their composition ratios . Several types of metals appear along with the aluminum content . For example, the concentration of aluminum and lithium (Li) is explained as being caused by burning of the Al-Li alloy

Used in the spacecraft body and lithium-ion batteries. Niobium (Nb), which is not commonly found and hafnium (Hf) were in proportions consistent with C-103, a superheat-resistant alloy used in spacecraft propulsion units. Furthermore, the stratospheric content of copper (Cu), a metal rarely found in meteors,

Has no explanation other than that it came from spacecraft and was included in space debris. Nowadays, as awareness is growing, the fact that the content of invisible metals in the air is increasing raises another sense of crisis. Most metals except gold are oxidized when exposed to air and water, and the result is

Peeling , commonly called rust. There are many damaged and broken forms. The most representative example is iron (Fe), which splits and crumbles like flakes and turns into red iron oxide. Zinc (Zn), which is used in tin manufacturing, etc., also rusts and crumbles when oxidized. Silver (Ag) is white or dark in color.

Rust, which gradually discolors, forms and loses its shine, and copper and bronze change to blue rust and lose their smooth surface. Tungsten and niobium , which do not rust easily, but change to black or change to various colors when combined with oxygen through heating, also rust.

However, the rust of aluminum oxide is a bit unique. The aluminum oxide powder we commonly encounter is usually in the form of a white powder, but the aluminum oxide layer that forms on the metal surface does not crumble or peel off like other metals. It protects certain metal surfaces from further oxidation.

There are three known elements and products that can create an oxide layer that can act as a barrier : chromium oxide, silicon dioxide, and finally, aluminum oxide . It is added as a key element and covers the iron surface with a chromium oxide film to prevent damage.

Even if it is scratched or peeled, the chromium oxide film is formed again to prevent rust. The unique thing about aluminum oxide is that it goes beyond simply preventing rust. Aluminum oxide is made up of about 2-3 times more. If you make it into a thin enough layer of nm thickness,

It can have liquid-like flowing properties even at room temperature . People think metal oxides are brittle and prone to cracking, but aluminum with an oxide coating can more than double its length without cracking. Although the aluminum oxide film is technically a type of glass, if

It is thin enough, it behaves like a liquid and completely coats the surface. The most famous aluminum oxide structure is the [α-alumina] structure, where aluminum and oxygen are linked with a certain crystallinity. It is a network structure in which the oxygen surrounding aluminum

Forms an octahedron and is piled up sharing edges with each other. If some of the aluminum is changed to another metal element, it takes on a characteristic color. It has a characteristic color of 9 on the Mohs hardness scale. It is also known as a very hard mineral with hardness.

Rather than being called corundum, it is more famous for jewelry called ruby ​​and sapphire. The energy state of corundum, which shows a unique color along with high crystallinity, makes corundum suitable for use in lasers. The metastable state of ruby. A laser that produces light of 694.3 nm is useful. To be exact

, it is the color created by aluminum, oxygen , and a small amount of chromium . Aluminum is an element belonging to group 13. The name prize is simply called [boron group elements]. The 2023 Nobel Prize in Chemistry As in the topic of “quantum dots,” group 13 elements

Can be combined with group 15 elements to become similar group 14 materials with semiconductor properties. Among the numerous materials, the wavelength of light produced varies depending on the components of group 13. [ Indium phosphide], a combination of indium (In) and phosphorus (P), which are large elements of group 15, produces infrared light,

And [Gallium arsenide] , a combination of gallium (Ga) and arsenic (As), produces red light. Blue LED , which was so difficult to discover and was itself the subject of the Nobel Prize in Physics, was the result of gallium and nitrogen. So what would happen if aluminum, an element smaller than gallium, was used?

Will shorter wavelength light be produced as has been the trend so far? Recently, an ultraviolet light source with a wavelength of 271.7 nm was created by laminating aluminum gallium nitride (AlGaN) on aluminum nitride (AlN) . It is an LED with the shortest wavelength ever created and available.

Aluminum starts from ruby ​​and goes to extremes. It is an element capable of generating ultraviolet rays. The characteristics of aluminum continue in corundum. Controlling the formation of water on a specific surface or the starting point of ice formation is difficult. It is a very important field of research.

It works well when it has specific functional groups, including proteins, or when the surface has pitted or scratched defects . Among them, corundum with an α-alumina structure has the highest ice nucleation activity due to its high lattice match and crystallinity. The combination of the hexagonal crystal structure of ice and the

Highly crystalline surface of corundum acts to nucleate for freezing at warmer temperatures than other alumina samples. As such, aluminum on the surface is useful as a starting point from which to grow something special. While experimenting with growing carbon nanotubes on conductive materials to enhance their electrical and thermal properties

, without the intention of developing an ultrablack material, it was discovered that the oxide layer could be removed by soaking aluminum foil in salt water. A technology has been discovered to grow carbon nanotubes on aluminum at a temperature as low as 100℃ using a pure aluminum surface.

What is even more surprising is that an ultrablack surface is created that absorbs 99.995% of light, which is darker than [VANTAblack]. A 16.78-carat natural yellow diamond, estimated to be worth about 2.5 billion won, was coated with a carbon nanotube-based material, the blackest substance on record.

No word on how the diamond was later recovered. Aluminum is a metal, and it is a light metal. When you think of aluminum foil, it may seem soft and fragile, but the unique thing about aluminum is that when it is mixed with other metal elements to form an alloy, it

Suddenly shows tremendous strength. There are also life forms that have armor made of aluminum. It is one of the creatures that live in the deepest part of the Earth. Hirondellea gigas is a type of side shrimp, an amphipod that lives under extremely high pressure conditions in the Mariana Trench.

As a result of analyzing the exoskeleton of captured Hirondellea gigas, calcium (Ca) and aluminum (Al) , labeled in red and green, respectively, were observed. Aluminum is found in seawater. Although it is not abundant in the ocean and difficult to obtain, it is abundant in marine sediments. Hirondellea gigas survives by

Covering its body with a gel of aluminum hydroxide, relieving the stress caused by deep-sea pressure and preventing its exoskeleton from decomposing due to leaching of calcium carbonate. It has aluminum armor. There are also evolved life forms. When it comes to hard armor, bulletproofing cannot be left out from a modern perspective.

It is not a bulletproof material made of thick metal, but aluminum appears in bulletproof glass that is transparent but can stop bullets. Common bulletproof glass has polycarbonate between the glass plates. It works by alleviating the impact in the vertical direction through lamination , but that’s only to a certain extent.

Large-diameter armor-piercing bullets such as 0.50 BMG cannot be stopped by ordinary bulletproof glass. Even tens of centimeters of bulletproof glass will just break through. But it can be stopped with aluminum alloy. Wouldn’t it be possible to make bulletproof glass out of aluminum? Transparent, strong, and light. It may seem impossible,

But aluminum is possible. It is transparent aluminum glass, also called aluminum oxynitride (ALON), in which oxygen and nitrogen combine with aluminum in a crystalline form. Test results show that it is 0.50 BMG of bulletproof level 10 that we saw a while ago. Complete protection was possible

With 4 cm thick aluminum oxynitride bulletproof glass. Even though it is transparent aluminum, it is not a metal in the end in the form of nitrogen-added aluminum oxide. As you might expect from the trends so far, transparent aluminum has also appeared. It is not a common condition, but it is strong.

When X – rays are irradiated to aluminum, the transmittance increases . All light, including visible light, passes through, so it is not completely transparent, but it has the special property of being a metal that transmits X-rays. Recently, measurement results showed that Saturn emits X-rays. Just as there are various types of celestial bodies,

Transparency to may be used to observe something in the universe. We understand molecules as atoms, and design and synthesize materials from them. The characteristics of an atom extend from how many electrons it has. For example, a chloride ion has 18 electrons. It is an anionic particle, and you can fill

The orbitals where electrons can be filled with electrons according to certain rules . This is the atom, and it is the most common theory and useful method learned in school. However, there are also strange substances that fall outside of these rules. As introduced in the new chemical principle

Of understanding actual molecules by creating molecules, the most attractive of the superatoms is [Superatom], which is made of atoms gathered together but shows properties similar to atoms. The most attractive of the superatoms is a cluster of 13 aluminum. It is an Al13- anion. It has a beautiful icosahedral symmetrical structure with

An additional central aluminum atom. It has a closed shell electronic configuration with all orbitals filled with 40 electrons. Even the energy gap, which is the boundary orbital gap, is so large that it is inactive . It has stability and chemical inertness similar to that of a gas. Even when filled with 40 electrons,

It looks like an atom made of atoms , but since it is a superatom rather than an atom, you can see that the order of orbitals is beyond your common sense. Understanding the electronic structure of a cluster is difficult. This is done in a way called the Jellium model, which

Corresponds to a quantum mechanical model that treats positive nuclei as a uniform distribution of positive charge throughout space and valence electrons as a homogeneous, delocalized electron density . Gold appears red. Even in the process of creating plasmon theory, superatoms have similarities. To introduce an interesting proof using aluminum,

It is an experimental proof of the theory of relativity. The U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) announced in 2019 that due to frequency uncertainty, We are developing a quantum logic clock that measures single aluminum ions.

It is a clock that is more accurate than the rubidium (Rb) or cesium (Cs) atomic clocks we know. What we wanted to confirm using this precision clock is the common sense that if you move quickly, time passes slowly. In addition to talking about the theory of relativity,

I wanted to measure how quickly time passes at high altitudes. I made two clocks with a single aluminum ion isolated and actually confirmed the relationship between motion and time through frequency changes and tested them in different laboratories. Two clocks are connected by a 75 m long optical fiber

And installed so that there is a height difference of 33 cm. It has been proven that people who stand on high stairs age faster, although the difference in height is obviously very small in scale. The theory of relativity proved with just two aluminum grains.

Since aluminum is the most abundant metal in the earth’s crust, rechargeable aluminum-ion batteries have great potential as next-generation energy storage devices. The cathode material of aluminum-ion batteries has nearly four times the volumetric capacity of lithium. It is expected to exceed the expectations, and unlike lithium, the ionic liquid electrolyte of aluminum ion batteries

Is non-flammable, making it safer . Most recent research results show that 88% of the initial capacity is maintained even after 5,000 repeated cycles, and aluminum batteries also use sodium and magnesium from lithium. Beyond that , it is being continuously researched as one of the most powerful types of batteries. After ion batteries,

There is no room for further development in batteries. Recently, a new method using radicals, an unpaired electron compound, is also being developed . Lithium or sodium Metals that can form slightly larger and more diverse materials, such as aluminum, are more suitable than elements that are small, have few electrons, and

Are difficult to combine, such as aluminum . Radical aluminum ion batteries are just beginning, but we still have a long way to go. It makes you feel the truth. Lastly, when it comes to aluminum, vaccines cannot be left out. It is no exaggeration to say that we all

Inject aluminum into our bodies every year, even because of vaccines. To be exact, vaccines are used as vaccine boosters or adjuvants to form stronger and longer-lasting immunity. ) When injecting an antigen material, it is difficult to apply for a long period of time as it is decomposed or discharged in its independent form.

When an adjuvant in the form of aluminum ions or alum is mixed and injected, it electrostatically coagulates with the antigen. As it is a material that has been commercialized for over 70 years and has been used to this day , its safety has been verified over generations, and aluminum is also used

To maintain our health. Conclusion The mixing of the names aluminum and aluminum can be said to be a foreign version of the sodium-sodium incident. There is no need to be too upset. Aluminum is a very abundant element on Earth, but it is a metal element that requires serious recycling

Because it takes a serious amount of energy to make it into metal. It is an important metal element that has no unused forms such as ions, metals, alloys, or crystals and is not missing.