Light Equations – Wave length, Frequency, Speed, Energy, Planck’s Constant – Electromagnetic Waves

Light Equations – Wave length, Frequency, Speed, Energy, Planck’s Constant – Electromagnetic Waves (light waves — visible light, X-rays, Gamma rays, Ultraviolet rays “UVR”, Infrared light, microwaves, radio, television waves) vs mechanical waves (sound waves)…Quantum numbers…Light Equations | Electromagnetic Waves…Physics, Chemistry Lectures for MCAT, DAT, NEET, GCSE, AP Chemistry, AP Physics, SAT, ACT Exams.

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Let’s talk about light we have the Dual nature of light light is a particle known as a photon light is also a wave called electromagnetic wave how is light wave different from sound waves well light waves are electromagnetic but sound waves are mechanical what does that mean electromagnetic waves such as

Light can be transmitted through vacuum they do not need a medium to propagate through that’s how light travels through space that’s how sunlight can reach us here on Earth conversely if Elon Musk is making some noise on Mars you will not hear that noise here on Earth because

Sound a mechanical wave cannot be transmitted through vacuum sound waves require a medium to propagate through and the medium could be solid liquid or gas if I were you I would write down these three equations because they will help us to tremendously answer light problems please watch the videos in this

Playlist chemistry quick review in order for maximum understanding and retention let’s start by answering the question of the previous video what are the stoichiometric coefficients in the aforementioned equation when it’s balanced please pause and try to answer this yourself let’s go first balance the equation let’s look at Silver we have

One silver atom here and two silver atoms there how about iron two iron atoms here and one iron atom here as for carbon we have three carbons here and only one carbon here we have nine oxygen atoms and three oxygen atoms so let me start by adding a three here why did I

Do this so that I can have nine oxygens on this side and nine oxygens on this side biotimus now how many silver atoms do I have right now three times two is six but here I only have one so let’s multiply this side by six amazing six

Silver atoms 6 silver atoms the silver is balanced let’s look at iodine here I have six iodines but here I only have three so let’s multiply this by two now I have three multiplied by two equals six iodine atoms six iodine atoms on the right side and six iodine atoms on the

Left side iodine is balance let’s look at iron two iron atoms here and two iron atoms here also iron is balance Mr carbon three carbons here and three carbons there beautiful my equation is balanced let’s capture the stoichiometric coefficients basically they are these numbers number six here

We have a one which is not written two and three so my coefficients are six one two and three so the correct answer is e as in energy speaking of energy here is a wave look at this here is one cycle and then here is another cycle so in

This diagram M we have only two waves first wave and stop second wave and stop each wave has a peak and a trough the distance from one Peak to the next Peak is Lambda which is the wavelength by the way the distance from here to here is

The exact same distance as from this point to this point which is the length of the wave I.E wavelength beautimus and this wavelength is also the same as the distance between one trough and the next trough so the wavelength is the distance between two consecutive Peaks or the length between two consecutive troughs

All of this was on the horizontal axis but let’s look at amplitude amplitude is on the y or vertical axis amplitude is the distance between here and the peak or here and the trough so the amplitude is the vertical distance from the midline of a wave up until the top of

The peak or till the bottom of the trough this vertical axis is the magnitude or the amplitude which is a measure of intensity I can shine array of light that is less intense or more intense and this is a measure of brightness of light but on the horizontal axis how many vibrations per

Second is called frequency how frequently am I going up and down up and down up and down so here is an example for you what’s the speed of this wave this is question number 101 because the previous questions are in previous videos in this chemistry quick review

Playlist can you pause and calculate the speed of this wave let’s do it you already know that any speed is distance over time that’s true for any speed in the world maybe with the exceptions of The Joe Rogan kind of speed distance over time so how much is the time well

I’ve been told that the time elapsed from this point all the way way until this point is one second so I put one second in the denominator how about my distance well I need the distance traversed in the entire second which is the Distance traversed by two waves the

Length of one wave I.E the wavelength is two but I have two waves here is the first wave and the second wave so I have four meters of distance in one second time then we do the math the speed is 4 meters per second you can bring the

Second upstairs by changing the sign of the power so it’s for m s power negative one is there another way to do it absolutely speed equals the way frequency times wavelength what’s the wavelength well it’s the length of one wave which is two meter the distance

From here to here or from here to here or from this point to this point two meters amazing and what’s the Frequency the frequency is defined as the number of of Cycles or the number of vibrations per second per second in one second how many vibrations did I cause here’s the

First cycle and the second cycle so two vibrations per second which means the wave frequency is 2 Hertz or two seconds power negative one because basically the second goes upstairs so what’s the measuring unit of frequency it is the Hertz Pearl for the pros Hertz is the

Exact same thing as second raised to the power of negative one so now the speed equals mu times Lambda what’s my wave frequency two seconds power negative one and what’s my wavelength 2 meters multiply them together you get the same exact answer 4 meters per second or four

M s to the negative one power so the moral of the story is speed equals distance over time and speed also equals wave frequency times wavelength here is another question you have three waves which one has the highest frequency please pause what’s the definition of frequency number of vibrations per

Second number of cycles per second and here I have the highest number of cycles and of course the question assumes that this is the same time so let’s say that we have 10 seconds here and 10 seconds here and this point represents 10 seconds so I have the same amount of

Time the difference is how many vibrations per second so of course C has the most vibrations per second which means C has the highest frequency let’s write the equation C equals mu times Lambda any time we have two entities multiplied by one another they will be inverse related to one another provided

That the third entity remains constant so if the speed of the wave is constant it means that as the frequency goes up wavelength goes down as wavelength goes up frequency goes down and vice versa which means a has the lowest frequency and the highest wavelength the longest

Length of the wave conversely C has the highest frequency but the shortest wavelength highest shortest because the relationship between mu and Lambda is inverse let’s look at the electromagnetic spectrum again sound is not an electromagnetic wave sound is a mechanical wave how about electromagnetic we have light the light

That we can see is the visible light the colors of the rainbow can be memorized by the acronym Roy G Biv red orange yellow green blue indigo violet as I go this way the frequency increases the wavelength decreases the more you go to the right it means high frequency

Whenever you hear the word high frequency I want you to think of high energy so gamma rays have higher energy than X-rays and x-rays have higher energy than ultraviolet and UltraViolet has higher energy than infrared and infrared has high energy I.E higher frequency than microwaves than radio waves Etc and

Since gamma rays have the highest frequency they have the highest energy and this energy can be huge enough to break down your DNA strands oopsie when you damage my DNA you know what I get I can get mutations which increase my risk of cancer why because these radiations

Are high frequency which means high energy and that’s why it’s not a good idea to get a CT scan or an x-ray every single day this is not a picnic and when you go to the dentist and they take an x-ray picture of your jaw why do they

Put a guard or a shield around your neck or around your chest to decrease radiation exposure because lots of radiation going to your organs is not fun we want to minimize your radiation exposure Believe It or Not sunlight does not only have visible light sunlight emits visible light and UltraViolet and

Infrared and even X-ray and gamma ray look at the lovely light bulb in your room it does not just emit visible light it mostly emits visible light plus others but it’s the dose that makes the poison the amount of X-ray emitted from a radiology lab is way higher than any

X-ray emitted from any light bulb used in domestic use so when I go this way frequency increases and wavelength decreases but when I go the opposite way wavelength increases and frequency decreases which means energy decreases when you multiply the frequency by the wavelength you get the speed what’s the

Speed of light in vacuum it is 2.9979 whatever whatever times 10 raised to the 8th power meters per second this is very important and here is another question for you a laser beam has a wavelength of 600 nanometers what’s the frequency of this radiation in hertz let’s do it

Please pause and try to answer this yourself are you ready we know that the speed of light equals mu times Lambda the frequency times the wavelength but hey Miracles is why do I care about the speed of light they are talking about laser not light doofus laser is an

Acronym it literally stands for light amplification based on the stimulated emission of radiation so it is light which means the same equation applies to laser I know the wavelength it’s 600 nanometers and I want the frequency do you know the speed of light yeah it’s 2.99 times 10 raised to the eighth power

Meters per second so therefore I only have one unknown which is Mu the frequency the frequency equals by dividing both sides by Lambda you get C over Lambda the speed of light or C equals 2.99 whatever let’s make a 3 to make the math easy times 10 Power 8

Meters per second I have the wavelength but it’s not in meters it’s in nanometers which means I need to convert the 600 nanometers into meters how do we do this easy dimensional analysis baby here is a nanometer okay and you multiply this by what my conversion

Factor I have to put nanometers at the bottom and I know that one meter has a billion nanometers so 10 to the ninth power and the rest is math history think of this 600 as 6 times 10 to the second power divided by 10 to the ninth power

So the end result is 6 multiplied by 10 and then you subtract the exponents 2 minus 9 equals negative 7 meters I have the wavelength in meters I have the speed of light in meters per second now I can get the frequency mu equals c

Which is 3 times 10 to the eighth power meters per second over Lambda which is 6 times 10 to the negative seven power meters meter will cancel with the meter this s belongs downstairs and then you do the math 3 divided by 6 is half so I

Write 0.5 multiplied by 10 is my base and then subtract the exponents be careful eight minus negative seven which means eight plus seven which means 10 to the 15th power and second is downstairs you can put it upstairs as second to the negative one power here’s the thing is

This a proper scientific notation no this value should be between 1 and 10. not 0.5 because this is less than one so I need to shift this decimal point forwards one step and when you shift this 4 forward One Step you have to decrease the exponent One Step so this

Will end up as five multiplied by 10 raised to the 14th power s to the negative one power and as you know s power negative one is the exact same thing as Hertz so we can write that the frequency of the wave is five times ten

To the 14th power Hertz and that’s the correct answer and here’s the same answer in colors and if you’ve watched video number 12 in this playlist we talked about the E and the Delta e the difference in energy which is energy final minus energy initial suppose that

The electron was in the third shell and then went down to the second shell can you give me the Delta a sure e final was the Final Destination 2 N equals two so it’s the energy of the second shell minus the initial whose my initial the

Third shell so it’s the energy of the third shell and since the third shell has higher energy than the second shell this Delta e will be a negative value so when you go from a more excited state down to a ground state IE from high energy to low energy the Delta a is

Negative but when you go upstairs from low energy to high energy Delta e is positive this concept will be very important later in thermodynamics and in exergonic versus endergonic reactions later I’ll tell you that when Delta G is negative the reaction is spontaneous I.E easy it is easy to go from high energy

To low energy nature likes that because low energy state is just low maintenance easy to maintain but the opposite is hard when you go downstairs from excited to ground state you emit energy in the form of a photon which is a particle of light but when you go upstairs energy

Has to be added I.E absorbed that’s why you get a positive sign and here’s the third equation what is e energy of a single Quantum what the french toast is a Quantum it’s the smallest quantity Quantum of energy that can be emitted or absorbed because there is a lovely

Doofus I mean great scientist known as Max Punk who said that energy is quantized not continuous for example if I Am A store owner I can sell you one notebook two notebooks three notebooks but I cannot sell you half a notebook I can sell you one textbook two textbooks

Three textbooks 500 textbooks but not half a textbook energy is quantized not continuous can you give me an example of something continuous certainly height height of human beings some of them are let’s say 1.6 meters but then let’s be more specific and more accurate some of them

Are six zero zero zero zero zero zero one another person is zero zero zero zero zero two three four and then yada yada yada up to Infinity this is a continuous measurement but energy is discrete it is quantized it’s either one or two not this nonsense so the energy

Of a single Quantum is the frequency of the radiation multiplied by Planck’s constant can we rearrange the equation to put Planck constant alone on one side sure plug constant equals by dividing both sides of the equation by mu you get energy over mu energy over the frequency energy is measured in joules the

Frequency is measured in second to negative one power I can bring this upstairs by changing the sign into positive I.E joules times seconds and that’s the measuring unit of the Planck’s constant how much is that constant 6.626 times 10 to the negative 34th power and it’s a constant it does

Not change here is another question if a photon has a wavelength of 5 times 10 to the second power nanometers please calculate the energy of that Photon in joules get a pen and paper try to figure out the answer you will find out that you will need one of these three

Equations if not more than one and you will find the correct answer in the next video remember the speed of light is the frequency of light times the wavelength of light Delta energy or the difference in energy is the energy final minus energy initial and the energy of a

Single Quantum equals the frequency of radiation multiplied by Planck’s constant if you know these three equations you will be able to answer giselian problems in chemistry and physics all of these handwritten slides that are presented to you in each video in this chemistry playlist are available

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